The liberalization and (re)regulation of gambling in the Netherlands: National consequences of the changing European context
The liberalization and (re)regulation of gambling in the Netherlands: National consequences of the changing European context
复制标题
荷兰赌博的自由化和（重新）监管：欧洲环境变化的国家后果
DOI：
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Kingma
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Kingma
本文论述了荷兰赌博市场的自由化，特别是2002年后这些市场的（重新）监管。有人认为，在20世纪90年代，新自由主义的赌博监管“风险制度”取代了传统的道德和限制性赌博政策。然而，这一风险制度最近受到了互联网赌博发展、欧洲议会关于“服务指令”的讨论以及提交欧洲法院的案件的挑战。这些情况正在重新定义国家赌博政策和赌博组织的欧洲背景。随着风险意识的增强，这促使荷兰政府重新考虑其赌博政策。本文概述了赌博监管风险制度的基本特征，并明确指出，经过十年的宽松和巨大的市场增长，荷兰赌博市场，包括赌场，彩票和老虎机，面临着严重的反冲洗。
This paper deals with the liberalization of Dutch gambling markets, in particular the (re)regulation of these markets after 2002. It is argued that during the 1990s a neo-liberal ‘‘risk regime’’ of gambling regulation replaced the traditional moralizing and restrictive gambling policies. However, this risk regime has recently been challenged by the development of Internet gambling, the discussions about the ‘‘Services Directive’’ in the European Parliament and cases brought to the European Court of Justice. These circumstances are redefining the European context for national gambling policies and gambling organizations. Together with a growing risk awareness, this has caused the Dutch government to reconsider its gambling policies. This paper outlines the basic features of the risk regime of gambling regulation, and makes clear that after a decade of great leniency and tremendous market growth, the Dutch gambling markets, including casinos, lotteries and slot machines, were confronted with serious backwashes.