MEASURED DOMESTICATION RATES IN WILD WHEATS AND BARLEY UNDER PRIMITIVE CULTIVATION, AND THEIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
MEASURED DOMESTICATION RATES IN WILD WHEATS AND BARLEY UNDER PRIMITIVE CULTIVATION, AND THEIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00974763
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发表时间：
1990-06-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
DAVIES, MS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HILLMAN, GC;DAVIES, MS
男人的(或者，更有可能的，女人的)第一批谷类作物是从野生林中采集的种子播种的，正是在栽培过程中，驯化发生了。驯化速率的测量实验表明，在原始畜牧制度下的野生型一粒粒、二粒小麦和大麦中：(A)只有在部分或接近成熟时使用特定的收获方法才会进行驯化；(B)有时可能需要轮作；以及(C)在这些条件下，作物可能在200年内完全驯化，也许只需要20-30年，而不需要任何有意识的选择。本文(A)考虑了由于野生型谷类作物缺乏家族型突变体而导致驯化开始的可能延迟；(B)研究了这些突变体享有任何选择优势所必需的饲养做法；(C)考虑了作物对这些选择压力作出反应所必需的收获时的成熟状态；(D)概述了在实验上应用于活的野生型作物的类似饲养做法所产生的选择强度的田间测量；(E)总结了一个数学模型，该模型结合了测量的选择强度和其他关键变量，并描述了在原始畜牧做法的特定组合下早期野生型谷物种群中家族型突变的增长率；(F)考虑为什么很早的耕种者就应该使用那些我们认为在不知不觉中导致野生小麦和大麦驯化的畜牧方法；(G)考虑这些事件是否可能留下考古上可识别的痕迹。
Man's (or, more probably, Woman's) first cereal crops were sown from seed gathered from wild stands, and it was in the course of cultivation that domestication occurred. Experiments in the measurement of domestication rates indicate that in wild-type crops of einkorn, emmer, and barley under primitive systems of husbandry: (a) domestication will occur only if they are harvested when partially or nearly ripe, using specific harvesting methods; (b) exposure to shifting cultivation may sometimes have been required; and (c) under these conditions, the crops could become completely domesticated within 200 years, and perhaps only 20–30 years, without any conscious selection. This paper (a) considers possible delays in the start of domestication due to early crops of wild-type cereals lacking domestic-types mutants; (b) examines the husbandry practices necessary for these mutants to enjoy any selective advantage; (c) considers the state of ripeness at harvest necessary for the crops to respond to these selective pressures; (d) outlines field measurements of the selective intensities arising from analogous husbandry practices applied experimentally to living wild-type crops; (e) summarizes a mathematical model which incorporates the measured selective intensities and other key variables and which describes the rate of increase in domestic-type mutants in early populations of wild-type cereals under specific combinations of primitive husbandry practices; (f) considers why very early cultivators should have used those husbandry methods which, we suggest, led unconsciously to the domestication of wild wheats and barley; and (g) considers whether these events are likely to leave archaeologically recognizable traces.