The Organization of Informal Learning
The Organization of Informal Learning
复制标题
非正式学习的组织
DOI：
10.3102/0091732x16680994
复制
发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
F. Erickson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Rogoff;M. Callanan;Kris D. Gutiérrez;F. Erickson
非正式的学习往往被当作是正式教学的替代品。本章讨论了非正式学习的组织如何在不同的环境中有所不同，但有重要的共同点将非正式学习与正式学习区分开来：非正式学习是非教学性的，嵌入有意义的活动中，建立在学习者的主动性或兴趣或选择上（而不是来自外部需求或要求），并且不涉及活动外部的评估。所讨论的非正式学习环境都以学习和创新为目标，它们都包括通过社会互动和/或活动结构对新来者的指导。沿着这些共同的特点，非正式学习的组织方式在不同的环境中也有重要的不同，如不围绕教学组织的日常家庭和社区活动;以教学为重点的自愿环境，如课后计划;强调儿童主动性和选择的创新学校;儿童在学校的“地下”非正式学习;以及像科学中心这样的机构，它们既有指导性的，也有自愿性的休闲重点。这些非正式学习环境在重视程度和包括游戏、教学、合作或单独活动的方式、对“真实的”生产目标的贡献以及与更大社区的联系方面有所不同。
Informal learning is often treated as simply an alternative to formal, didactic instruction. This chapter discusses how the organization of informal learning differs across distinct settings but with important commonalities distinguishing informal learning from formal learning: Informal learning is nondidactic, is embedded in meaningful activity, builds on the learner’s initiative or interest or choice (rather than resulting from external demands or requirements), and does not involve assessment external to the activity. The informal learning settings discussed all have learning and innovation as goals, and they all include guidance to newcomers through social interaction and/or the structure of activities. Along with the features in common, the organization of informal learning also differs in important ways across settings as distinct as everyday family and community engagements that are not organized around instruction; voluntary settings with an instructional focus, such as after-school programs; innovative schools that emphasize children’s initiative and choice; children’s “underground” informal learning in schools; and institutions such as science centers that have an instructional as well as a voluntary leisure focus. These informal learning settings differ in extent of focus on and ways of including play, instruction, collaborative or solo activity, contribution to “real” productive goals, and connection with a larger community.