Nosema ceranae has been present in Brazil for more than three decades infecting Africanized honey bees.
Nosema ceranae has been present in Brazil for more than three decades infecting Africanized honey bees.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jip.2013.09.002
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发表时间：
2013-11
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
É. Teixeira;L. G. D. Santos;A. Sattler;D. Message;M. L. T. M. F. Alves-M.-L.-T.-M.-F.-Alves-39893553;M. Martins;Marina Lopes Grassi-Sella;T. Francoy
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文献类型：
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作者：
É. Teixeira;L. G. D. Santos;A. Sattler;D. Message;M. L. T. M. F. Alves-M.-L.-T.-M.-F.-Alves-39893553;M. Martins;Marina Lopes Grassi-Sella;T. Francoy
直到 20 世纪 90 年代中期，唯一已知感染蜜蜂属的微孢子虫是蜜蜂微孢子虫。第二种物种，Nosema ceranae，于 1996 年首次从亚洲蜜蜂中发现；据推测，这种寄生虫是从亚洲蜜蜂（Apis cerana）传播到欧洲蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）的。目前，中华蜜蜂在各大洲都有发现，并且常常与蜂群崩溃和其他蜜蜂大量损失的报道有关。 1979 年收集的非洲雄蜂样本，保存在酒精中，通过光学显微镜进行孢子计数，并进行 DNA 提取，然后进行双重 PCR。所有分子分析（一式三份）表明，这些雄蜂同时感染了 N.ceranae 和 N.apis。 PCR 产物进行测序并与 GenBank 中报告的序列（登录号 JQ639316.1 和 JQ639301.1）进行匹配。将这些雄性翅膀的脉络模式与生活在同一地区的当前种群的脉络模式进行了比较，并与 1968 年从巴西里贝朗普雷图收集的雄蜂模式进行了比较，该地点靠近 1956 年非洲蜂群首次逃逸的地点。形态测量结果表明，1979 年收集的种群与当前生存的种群显着不同，证实了其古老性。考虑到使用分子工具来识别微孢子虫属的时间相对较新，之前的感染报告（仅使用光学显微镜，没有进行超微结构分析）可能错误地识别了 N.ceranaeasN.apis。尽管我们可以得出结论，中华蜜蜂已经影响巴西的非洲化蜜蜂至少 34 年，但这种病原体的影响仍不清楚。
Until the mid-1990s, the only microsporidium known to infect bees of the genusApiswasNosema apis. A second species,Nosema ceranae, was first identified in 1996 from Asian honey bees; it is postulated that this parasite was transmitted from the Asian honey bee,Apis cerana, to the European honey bee,Apis mellifera. Currently,N.ceranaeis found on all continents and has often been associated with honey bee colony collapse and other reports of high bee losses. Samples of Africanized drones collected in 1979, preserved in alcohol, were analyzed by light microscopy to count spores and were subjected to DNA extraction, after which duplex PCR was conducted. All molecular analyses (triplicate) indicated that the drones were infected with bothN.ceranaeandN.apis. PCR products were sequenced and matched to sequences reported in the GenBank (Acc. Nos. JQ639316.1 and JQ639301.1). The venation pattern of the wings of these males was compared to those of the current population living in the same area and with the pattern of drones collected in 1968 from Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, from a location close to where African swarms first escaped in 1956. The morphometric results indicated that the population collected in 1979 was significantly different from the current living population, confirming its antiquity. Considering that the use of molecular tools for identifyingNosemaspecies is relatively recent, it is possible that previous reports of infections (which used only light microscopy, without ultrastructural analysis) wrongly identifiedN.ceranaeasN.apis. Although we can conclude thatN.ceranaehas been affecting Africanized honeybees in Brazil for at least 34 years, the impact of this pathogen remains unclear.