Four-year population exposure study: Implications for the effectiveness of e-waste control and biomarkers of e-waste pollution
Four-year population exposure study: Implications for the effectiveness of e-waste control and biomarkers of e-waste pollution
复制标题
四年人口暴露研究：对电子废物控制有效性和电子废物污染生物标志物的影响
DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156595
复制
发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Ruifang Fan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hongxuan Kuang;Yonghong Li;Leizi Li;Shengtao Ma;Taicheng An;Ruifang Fan
电子垃圾污染已成为一个重大的环境问题。为了评估电子垃圾控制对人体污染物暴露风险的影响，并寻找合适的生物标志物对电子垃圾污染水平进行分类，我们在电子垃圾控制后的中国某电子垃圾回收区进行了纵向人群暴露监测研究。2016年至2019年，利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱连续监测了周围人群(包括275名儿童和485名成年人)在电子垃圾回收过程中排放的重金属、多环芳烃(PAHs)和挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)等氧化应激标志物和典型污染物的尿液水平。结果表明，接触多环芳烃、挥发性有机化合物和重金属与尿中氧化应激水平显著相关。电子垃圾控制后，人群中大部分多环芳烃和挥发性有机化合物以及少数重金属的暴露水平显著下降。有趣的是，儿童体内8-羟基-2‘-脱氧鸟苷(氧化损伤的生物标志物)水平显著下降17.6%，从2017年的9.45μg/g Cre下降到2019年的7.79μg/g Cre(p<；0.01)。因此，实施电子废物控制措施有效地降低了人类接触电子废物污染物的风险。随着时间的推移，尿锡、S-苯硫基尿酸、2-和3-羟基荧酮、3-羟基菲和1-羟基吡喃水平显著单调下降(p<；0.01)。尿锡和PMA水平结合1-OHP、2-和3-OHF或3-OHPhe作为生物标志物，对电子垃圾污染分类具有很好的能力。这些生物标志物将有助于评估政府污染法规和政策措施的有效性。此外，儿童通常接触到更高水平的重金属和VOCs，遭受比成年人更高水平的氧化应激损害，这表明儿童更容易受到电子垃圾污染的影响。这项工作将为电子垃圾的管理和控制提供参考。
E-waste pollution has emerged as a significant environmental concern. To assess the impact of e-waste control on human pollutant exposure risk and identify appropriate biomarkers to classify e-waste pollution levels, we performed longitudinal population exposure monitoring research in an e-waste recycling area in China after e-waste control. The urinary levels of oxidative stress markers and typical pollutants emitted during e-waste recycling, including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), were continuously monitored in the surrounding population (including 275 children and 485 adults) from 2016 to 2019 using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The results showed that exposure to PAHs, VOCs and heavy metals was significantly associated with oxidative stress levels in urine. After e-waste control, the exposure levels of most PAHs and VOCs and a few heavy metals in the population significantly decreased. Interestingly, the level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage) in children significantly decreased by 17.6 %, from 9.45 μg/g CRE in 2017 to 7.79 μg/g CRE in 2019 (p < 0.01). Thus, implementing e-waste control measures effectively reduced the human exposure risk to e-waste pollutants. Urinary tin (Sn), s-phenylmercapturic acid (PMA), 2-&3-hydroxyfluorene (2-&3-OHF), 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-OHPhe), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels decreased significantly and monotonically over time (p < 0.01). The levels of urinary Sn and PMA in combination with 1-OHP, 2-&3-OHF, or 3-OHPhe as biomarkers demonstrated an excellent ability to classify e-waste pollution. These biomarkers will facilitate evaluations of the effectiveness of the governmental pollution regulations and policy measures. Additionally, children were generally exposed to higher levels of heavy metals and VOCs and suffered higher levels of oxidative stress damage than adults, suggesting that children are more vulnerable to e-waste pollution. This work will provide a reference for e-waste management and control.