The emergence of kind concepts: a rejoinder to Needham and Baillargeon (2000).
The emergence of kind concepts: a rejoinder to Needham and Baillargeon (2000).
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善意概念的出现：对 Needham 和 Baillargeon (2000) 的反驳。
DOI：
10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00076-1
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Carey,S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Xu,F;Carey,S
也许Needham和Baillargeon会惊讶地发现，我们在许多重要问题上完全一致，包括：（1）争论的焦点是婴儿对事件和物体的表征的性质，以及婴儿如何将世界解析成个体和种类;（2）注视时间方法是与这些问题有关的丰富数据来源;（3）在某些情况下，12个月以下的婴儿会利用经验、身体和心理的方式，（4）解决不同研究的数据和解释中的明显冲突是至关重要的;（5）最后，我们的结果似乎与Needham，Wilcox和Baillargeon的实验结果相冲突，其他实验室的相关数据也相当混杂。（见下文）。在我们的实验中（Xu & Carey，1996年; Xu，Carey & Welch，1999），10个月大的婴儿未能使用属性/特征信息（例如形状、颜色、或纹理）或对象种类信息（如鸭子和汽车的区别）把一个显示器分解成两个对象（尽管在某些情况下，9个月时即可获得成功;请参阅第5.1节）。到12个月大时，婴儿就能完成这些任务。与此相反，Needham和Baillargeon（以下简称N&B）回顾了一些研究，这些研究提供了证据，证明在某些情况下，婴儿早在4.5个月大的时候就成功地利用属性/特征信息进行物体个性化。我们如何解决这一明显的冲突？N&B在回复中对我们的结果和我们对结果的解释提出了质疑。然而，结果是非常可靠的，Xu和Carey（1996）的研究在10个月时有四次内部重复失败，
Perhaps Needham and Baillargeon would be surprised to find that we are in complete agreement on many important points, including:(1) at issue is the nature of infants' representations of events and objects, and how infants parse the world into individuals and kinds;(2) looking time methodologies are a fruitful source of data that bear on these issues;(3) under some circumstances, infants below 12 months of age make use of experiential, physical (including spatiotemporal) and featural information for object individuation;(4) it is of utmost importance to resolve apparent conflicts in data and interpretations from different studies;(5) finally, our results do seem to conflict with results from experiments by Needham, Wilcox, and Baillargeon, and relevant data from other laboratories are rather mixed (see below).In our experiments (Xu & Carey, 1996; Xu, Carey & Welch, 1999), 10-month-old infants failed to use property/featural information (eg the differences in shape, color, or texture) or object kind information (eg the difference between a duck and a car) to parse a display into two objects (although under some circumstances, success is obtained at 9 months; see Section 5.1). By 12 months of age, infants succeeded at these tasks. In contrast, Needham and Baillargeon (henceforth N&B) reviewed studies which provide evidence that under some circumstances, infants succeeded in using property/featural information for object individuation as early as 4.5 months. How do we resolve this apparent conflict? In their reply, N&B questioned both our results and our interpretation of the results. The results, however, are highly robust±the studies of Xu and Carey (1996) had four internal replications of the failure at 10 months, and the shift