On the socioeconomic benefits of family planning work.
On the socioeconomic benefits of family planning work.
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发表时间：
1991
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通讯作者：
D. Yang
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作者：
D. Yang
本文的重点是1)中国计划生育的预期社会经济效益与母体生产部门的效益，2)计划生育工作的估计成本，3)降低计划生育成本的主要途径。马克思在《社会主义中国》中提出的人口理论认为，人口与社会经济发展是相互联系、相互适应的，人口过多或过少都会破坏平衡，阻碍发展。马尔萨斯派认为人口多会减少收入，亚当·斯密认为人口越多就意味着更大的市场和更多的收入。相信FP会给中国带来社会经济效益。物质生产的社会经济效益是指劳动消耗和劳动使用量与劳动成果和劳动效益之间的联系。计划生育投入人力、物力和财力，以降低出生率和出生绝对数。这笔投资在人口中得到了回报。用于生产理想人口的少量支出所产生的增加的国民收入将用于改善物质和文化生活。计划生育带来了经济效益，促进了社会发展(生态平衡，妇女解放和妇女儿童身心健康的改善，文化学习和就业的改善，社会主义道德和新实践的培养，以及稳定)。在计算FP成本时，考虑了总成本和单位成本。费用取决于国家预算拨款，1982年为4.4576亿元，1989年翻了一番。世界银行1984年的数据显示，中国的计划生育预算为9.796亿美元，其中80%由中国提供。每人21美分，用于中央、省、州和国家的支出，34美分用于农村集体机构，25美分用于儿童奖励和各种补贴，15美分用于绝育，5美分用于农村医疗服务，或1美元/人。单位成本是减少一个人口的成本，包括直接成本和间接成本。1970-82年的单位成本为35.5元，但如果包括家庭和工业单位的支出，成本为70-100元。然而，人口增长必须保持平衡，这样老龄化才不会抵消计划生育增长带来的好处。通过更好的FP管理，可以实现更低的成本。
The focus of this article is on 1) the intended socioeconomic benefit of Chinese family planning (FP) versus the benefit of the maternal production sector, 2) the estimated costs of FP work, 3) and the principal ways to lower FP costs. Marxian population theory, which is ascribed to in socialist China, states that population and socioeconomic development are interconnected and must adapt to each other and that an excessively large or small population will upset the balance and retard development. Malthusians believe that large populations reduce income, and Adam Smith believed that more people meant a larger market and more income. It is believed that FP will bring socioeconomic benefits to China. The socioeconomic benefit of material production is the linkage between labor consumption and the amount of labor usage with the fruits and benefits of labor. FP invests in human, material, and financial resources to reduce the birth rate and the absolute number of births. The investment is recouped in population. The increased national income generated from a small outlay to produce an ideal population would be used to improve material and cultural lives. FP brings economic benefits and accelerates social development (ecological balances women's emancipation and improvement in the physical and mental health of women and children, improvement in cultural learning and employment, cultivation of socialist morality and new practices, and stability). In computing FP cost, consideration is given to total cost and unit cost. Cost is dependent on the state budget allocation, which was 445.76 million yuan in 1982 and was doubled by 1989. World Bank figures for 1984 affixed the FP budget in China at 979.6 million US dollars, of which 80% was provided by China. Per person, this means 21 cents for central, provincial, prefecture, and country spending, 34 cents for rural collective set-ups, 25 cents for child awards, and various subsidies, 15 cents for sterilization, and 5 cents for rural medical services, or 1 US dollar/person. Unit costs are the costs to reduce the population of one and include direct and indirect costs. The unit cost between 1970-82 was 35.5 yuan, but if outlays for families and industrial units are included, the cost was 70-100 yuan. Population growth, however, must be balanced so that aging does not cancel out the benefits from FP gains. Lower costs can be achieved by better FP administration.