Semiconductor spintronics and quantum computation
Semiconductor spintronics and quantum computation
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-662-05003-3
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Awschalom;D. Loss;N. Samarth
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Awschalom;D. Loss;N. Samarth
在过去的几十年里，固态半导体物理学和电子学的研究和发展见证了在半导体器件的设计和功能中利用量子力学的驱动力的快速增长。例如，我们在制造纳米结构（如量子威尔斯、量子线和量子点）的能力方面取得的显著进步，推动了这一点。尽管当代人们把注意力集中在半导体”量子器件”上，但电子的一个主要量子力学方面--电子的自旋占了一个很大程度上被忽视的额外量子（除了量子力学简并性）。然而，近年来，基于电子自旋自由度的电子学新范式开始出现。半导体“自旋电子学”（自旋输运电子学或基于自旋的电子学）领域将电子自旋而不是电荷置于感兴趣的中心。这种新电子学的基础是通过泡利原理在电子的电荷自由度和自旋自由度之间的密切联系。这种关系的一个重要含义是，自旋效应通常可以通过固态电子的轨道性质来获得。这方面的例子是基于法拉第效应的自旋态的光学测量和自旋相关的输运测量，如巨磁阻（GMR）。以这种方式，信息不仅可以在电子的电荷中编码，而且可以在其自旋状态中编码，即
The past few decades of research and development in solid-state semicon ductor physics and electronics have witnessed a rapid growth in the drive to exploit quantum mechanics in the design and function of semiconductor devices. This has been fueled for instance by the remarkable advances in our ability to fabricate nanostructures such as quantum wells, quantum wires and quantum dots. Despite this contemporary focus on semiconductor" quantum devices," a principal quantum mechanical aspect of the electron-its spin has it accounts for an added quan largely been ignored (except in as much as tum mechanical degeneracy). In recent years, however, a new paradigm of electronics based on the spin degree of freedom of the electron has begun to emerge. This field of semiconductor" spintronics"(spin transport electron ics or spin-based electronics) places electron spin rather than charge at the very center of interest. The underlying basis for this new electronics is the intimate connection between the charge and spin degrees of freedom of the electron via the Pauli principle. A crucial implication of this relationship is that spin effects can often be accessed through the orbital properties of the electron in the solid state. Examples for this are optical measurements of the spin state based on the Faraday effect and spin-dependent transport measure ments such as giant magneto-resistance (GMR). In this manner, information can be encoded in not only the electron's charge but also in its spin state, ie