Identification of the yellow skin gene reveals a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken.
Identification of the yellow skin gene reveals a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken.
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黄色皮肤基因的鉴定显示了家鸡的杂种起源。
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010
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发表时间：
2008-02-29
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Andersson, Leif
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Eriksson, Jonas;Larson, Greger;Gunnarsson, Ulrika;Bed'hom, Bertrand;Tixier-Boichard, Michele;Stromstedt, Lina;Wright, Dominic;Jungerius, Annemieke;Vereijken, Addie;Randi, Ettore;Jensen, Per;Andersson, Leif
黄皮肤在家鸡中是一种丰富的表型，是由隐性等位基因（W*Y）引起的，该等位基因允许黄色类胡萝卜素沉积在皮肤中。本研究表明，皮肤变黄是由一种或多种顺式作用和组织特异性调控突变引起的，这些突变抑制皮肤中β -胡萝卜素双加氧酶2的表达。我们的数据表明，两种基因型的类胡萝卜素都从循环中被吸收，但在携带白色皮肤等位基因（W*W）的动物皮肤中被BCDO2降解。令人惊讶的是，我们的研究结果表明，黄色的皮肤不是来自红色丛林鸮（Gallus Gallus），这是家鸡唯一的野生祖先，但最有可能来自密切相关的灰色丛林鸮（Gallus sonneratii）。这是家鸡杂交起源的第一个确凿证据，它对我们对驯化过程的看法具有重要意义。许多鸟类的皮肤和腿是黄色的，而其他鸟类的皮肤是白色或黑色的。皮肤变黄或变白是由于类胡萝卜素的存在或缺失。这种多样性背后的遗传基础尚不清楚。黄皮肤的家鸡是隐性等位基因的纯合子，白皮肤的家鸡携带显性等位基因。因此，鸡是分析皮肤颜色变异遗传机制的理想模型。在这项研究中，我们证明了黄皮肤是由抑制皮肤中β -胡萝卜素双加氧酶2 （BCDO2）酶表达的调控突变引起的，而不是在其他组织中。因为BCDO2将彩色的类胡萝卜素切割成无色的类伪胡萝卜素，这种基因表达的减少就会产生黄色的皮肤。这项研究也首次提供了家鸡杂交起源的确凿证据。人们普遍认为红丛林鸮是家鸡的唯一祖先。然而，一项系统发育分析表明，尽管白色皮肤等位基因来自红色丛林鸮，但黄色皮肤等位基因来自不同的物种，最有可能是灰色丛林鸮。这一结果极大地促进了我们对鸡驯化的理解。
Yellow skin is an abundant phenotype among domestic chickens and is caused by a recessive allele (W*Y) that allows deposition of yellow carotenoids in the skin. Here we show that yellow skin is caused by one or more cis-acting and tissue-specific regulatory mutation(s) that inhibit expression of BCDO2 (beta-carotene dioxygenase 2) in skin. Our data imply that carotenoids are taken up from the circulation in both genotypes but are degraded by BCDO2 in skin from animals carrying the white skin allele (W*W). Surprisingly, our results demonstrate that yellow skin does not originate from the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), the presumed sole wild ancestor of the domestic chicken, but most likely from the closely related grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii). This is the first conclusive evidence for a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken, and it has important implications for our views of the domestication process. Many bird species possess yellow skin and legs whereas other species have white or black skin color. Yellow or white skin is due to the presence or absence of carotenoids. The genetic basis underlying this diversity is unknown. Domestic chickens with yellow skin are homozygous for a recessive allele, and white skinned chickens carry the dominant allele. As a result, chickens represent an ideal model for analyzing genetic mechanism responsible for skin color variation. In this study we demonstrate that yellow skin is caused by regulatory mutation(s) that inhibit expression of the beta-carotene dioxygenase 2 (BCDO2) enzyme in skin, but not in other tissues. Because BCDO2 cleaves colorful carotenoids into colorless apocarotenoids, a reduction in expression of this gene produces yellow skin. This study also provides the first conclusive evidence of a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken. It has been generally assumed that the red junglefowl is the sole ancestor of the domestic chicken. A phylogenetic analysis, however, demonstrates that though the white skin allele originates from the red junglefowl, the yellow skin allele originates from a different species, most likely the grey junglefowl. This result significantly advances our understanding of chicken domestication.
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4.1
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