Galectins and neuroinflammation.
Galectins and neuroinflammation.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_24
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Liu, Fu-Tong
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chen, Hung-Lin;Liao, Fang;Liu, Fu-Tong
半乳糖凝集素，β-半乳糖苷结合凝集素，在免疫和炎症反应的调节中发挥多种作用。在CNS中表达的主要半乳糖凝集素是半乳糖凝集素1、3、4、8和9。在正常生理条件下，半乳糖凝集素通过参与神经元髓鞘形成、神经元干细胞增殖和神经元细胞中的顶端囊泡运输来维持CNS稳态。在神经元疾病和不同的实验性神经炎性疾病模型中，半乳糖凝集素可作为细胞外介质或细胞内调节剂，控制炎症反应或赋予受损CNS组织的重塑能力。一般来说，半乳糖凝集素1和9减弱实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（多发性硬化症的模型），而半乳糖凝集素-3促进该模型中的炎症。在脑缺血性病变中，半乳糖凝集素1和3都被诱导以帮助神经元再生。半乳糖凝集素-1的表达是星形胶质细胞源性神经营养因子分泌所必需的，重组半乳糖凝集素-1促进神经元再生。Galectin-3促进小胶质细胞增殖，减轻脑缺血后缺血性损伤和神经元凋亡。在肌萎缩侧索硬化模型中，半乳糖凝集素-3对神经再生有害，而肌内施用氧化半乳糖凝集素-1可以改善神经肌肉疾病。在轴突切断和沃勒变性中，半乳糖凝集素-3有助于巨噬细胞的吞噬作用以清除受损的PNS或CNS中的变性髓鞘。因此，半乳糖凝集素是参与CNS和神经炎症的稳态的重要调节剂。对半乳糖凝集素在神经炎症中的作用的持续研究有望更好地理解这一过程的机制，并导致新的治疗方法。
Galectins, beta-galactoside-binding lectins, play multiple roles in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. The major galectins expressed in the CNS are galectins 1, 3, 4, 8, and 9. Under normal physiological conditions, galectins maintain CNS homeostasis by participating in neuronal myelination, neuronal stem cell proliferation, and apical vesicle transport in neuronal cells. In neuronal diseases and different experimental neuroinflammatory disease models, galectins may serve as extracellular mediators or intracellular regulators in controlling the inflammatory response or conferring the remodeling capacity in damaged CNS tissues. In general, galectins 1 and 9 attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (a model of multiple sclerosis), while galectin-3 promotes inflammation in this model. In brain ischemic lesions, both galectins 1 and 3 are induced to help neuronal regeneration. The expression of galectin-1 is required for astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor secretion, and recombinant galectin-1 promotes neuronal regeneration. Galectin-3 promotes microglial cell proliferation and attenuates ischemic damage and neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models, galectin-3 is deleterious to neuroregeneration, while intramuscular administration of oxidized galectin-1 can improve neuromuscular disorders. In axotomy and Wallerian degeneration, galectin-3 helps phagocytosis of macrophages to clear degenerate myelin in the injured PNS or CNS. Thus, galectins are important modulators participating in homeostasis of the CNS and neuroinflammation. Continued investigations of the roles of galectins in neuroinflammation promise to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of this process and lead to new therapeutic approaches.