Using measurement uncertainty in decision-making and conformity assessment
Using measurement uncertainty in decision-making and conformity assessment
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DOI：
10.1088/0026-1394/51/4/s206
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发表时间：
2014-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Pendrill, L. R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pendrill, L. R.
度量通常为决策提供客观的基础，也许是在评估产品是否符合要求或一组度量是否与另一组度量有显著差异时。越来越多的人认识到，在决策时需要考虑测量不确定性的作用，以便在执行给定任务之前可以设置“适合目的”的测量工作水平。在做出一致性决策时，计量学家和那些订购此类任务的人之间更好地相互理解测量的意义和局限性将特别有用。然而，目前在许多重要的应用领域，例如在应对重大挑战时，（能源、健康等），没有一个明确和协调的基础来分担由消费者、供应商和第三方之间的测量不确定性引起的风险。在本文中，在审查合格评定和决策中使用不确定性评定的最新技术时，特别是两个方面--处理定性观测和影响--被认为是使目前关于实地测量不确定性和百分比风险的或多或少的任意限制的各种经验法则更有秩序的关键。(i)合格性的决定可以或多或少地在定量的基础上做出--在统计验收抽样中被称为“变量”或“属性”（即：e.进行/不进行决定）-取决于可用的资源或实际上是否需要全面的定量判断。因此，在决策、根据比较或仅仅是定性的概念将对象相互联系起来、以及名词性和序数性之间存在着密切的关系。(ii)增加影响的衡量标准，如错误决定的成本，可以为所有有关各方的决定提供更客观和更容易理解的基础。这些成本与各种后果有关，例如供应商不必要的重新制造以及由于不正确的数量测量、不良的产品性能等而对客户造成的各种后果。
Measurements often provide an objective basis for making decisions, perhaps when assessing whether a product conforms to requirements or whether one set of measurements differs significantly from another. There is increasing appreciation of the need to account for the role of measurement uncertainty when making decisions, so that a 'fit-for-purpose' level of measurement effort can be set prior to performing a given task. Better mutual understanding between the metrologist and those ordering such tasks about the significance and limitations of the measurements when making decisions of conformance will be especially useful. Decisions of conformity are, however, currently made in many important application areas, such as when addressing the grand challenges (energy, health, etc), without a clear and harmonized basis for sharing the risks that arise from measurement uncertainty between the consumer, supplier and third parties.In reviewing, in this paper, the state of the art of the use of uncertainty evaluation in conformity assessment and decision-making, two aspects in particular-the handling of qualitative observations and of impact-are considered key to bringing more order to the present diverse rules of thumb of more or less arbitrary limits on measurement uncertainty and percentage risk in the field. (i) Decisions of conformity can be made on a more or less quantitative basis-referred in statistical acceptance sampling as by 'variable' or by 'attribute' (i. e. go/no-go decisions)-depending on the resources available or indeed whether a full quantitative judgment is needed or not. There is, therefore, an intimate relation between decision-making, relating objects to each other in terms of comparative or merely qualitative concepts, and nominal and ordinal properties. (ii) Adding measures of impact, such as the costs of incorrect decisions, can give more objective and more readily appreciated bases for decisions for all parties concerned. Such costs are associated with a variety of consequences, such as unnecessary re-manufacturing by the supplier as well as various consequences for the customer, arising from incorrect measures of quantity, poor product performance and so on.