Serum concentrations of DDE, PCBs, and other persistent organic pollutants and mammographic breast density in Triana, Alabama, a highly exposed population.
Serum concentrations of DDE, PCBs, and other persistent organic pollutants and mammographic breast density in Triana, Alabama, a highly exposed population.
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阿拉巴马州特里亚纳（阿拉巴马州特里亚纳）高度暴露人群中 DDE、PCB 和其他持久性有机污染物的血清浓度以及乳腺 X 光检查密度。
DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2019.109068
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Hoover,R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rusiecki,JA;Denic-Roberts,H;Byrne,C;Cash,J;Raines,CF;Brinton,LA;Zahm,SH;Mason,T;Bonner,MR;Blair,A;Hoover,R
虽然一些持久性有机污染物（POP）被认为是人类致癌物，但评估暴露和乳腺癌风险的研究结果并不一致，可能与不同的暴露年龄有关。此外，很少有研究评估持久性有机污染物暴露与乳腺摄影乳腺密度（MBD）之间的关联，MBD是乳腺癌风险的中间生物标志物。我们进行了一项横断面研究，以调查1998年在亚拉巴马特里亚纳的女性居民中测量的血清持久性有机污染物浓度与MBD之间的关系，该居民主要是非裔美国人，具有高持久性有机污染物暴露，特别是p，p '-DDT（1，1，1-三氯-2，2-双（对氯苯基）乙烷）。在我们的研究中，每名妇女（n = 210）的p，p '-DDT及其主要代谢物p，p'-DDE（1，1-二氯-2，2-双（对氯苯基）乙烯）、多氯联苯（PCBs）、β-六氯环己烷（β-HCCH）、环氧七氯、氧氯丙烷、反式-九氯、灭蚁灵和艾氏剂（aldrin）的含量（纳克/克脂质）。我们还测量了两个MBD指标，MBD百分比（%MBD）和MBD面积（aMBD）。使用调整后的斯皮尔曼相关系数（rs），我们评价了总体人群和各年龄组（19-40岁、41-54岁和55-91岁）中%MBD和aMBD与个体POP之间的相关性，并使用广义线性模型（GLM）估计了MBD的调整后平均测量值，其中三分位数分析物的置信区间为95%。我们使用GLM按年龄组计算乘法交互作用的p值。额外的分析排除了目前使用激素替代疗法（HRT）的女性，并评估了早期生活暴露结果在所有妇女中，我们发现p，p '-DDE和%MBD之间没有相关性，但在年龄分层和排除HRT使用者后，有一个年龄组差异的建议，年轻女性的正相关性较弱（rs= 0.12，p = 0.37），老年女性的负相关性较弱（rs=-0.12，p = 0.43）;pinteraction= 0.06。相比之下，在所有妇女中，PCBs与MBD %呈弱正相关，排除当前HRT使用者后，相关程度增加（rs-total PCBs= 0.17，p = 0.03）。在年龄分层和排除HRT使用者后，年轻和中年妇女中多氯联苯的相关性较高，只有少数这些相关性具有统计学意义。对于β-HCCH，最强的发现是老年女性中的负相关性（rs=-0.26，p = 0.07）。相关性在年轻组中主要为环氧七氯（rs= 0.27，p = 0.04）、氧氯草胺（rs= 0.35，p = 0.006）和反式-九氯（rs= 0.37，p = 0.003），在中老年组中基本为零; p相互作用范围：0.03-0.05。在使用暴露三分位数和aMBD作为MBD度量的GLM分析中发现了类似的模式。妇女暴露在最严重的化学污染期间在特里亚纳之前，18岁之间的正相关性%MBD和多氯联苯，七氯环氧化物，灭蚁灵，oxychlorophosphorus，andtrans-nonachlor. Conclusions在这一人群中，尽管高暴露于p，p '-DDT，因此其主要代谢产物，p，p'-DDE的血清浓度高，我们没有发现强有力的证据与MBD的正相关。事实上，有一些证据表明老年妇女与p，p '-DDE呈负相关;在β-HCCH中也发现了类似的模式。然而，血清中多氯联苯、环氧化七氯、氯氧苄和反式-九氯水平较高的年轻女性，
IntroductionAlthough some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are considered human carcinogens, results from studies evaluating exposures and breast cancer risk have been inconsistent, potentially related to varying ages at exposure. Additionally, few studies evaluated the association between POPs exposure and mammographic breast density (MBD), an intermediate biomarker of breast cancer risk. We carried out a cross-sectional study to investigate associations between serum POPs concentrations and MBD measured in 1998 in female residents of Triana, Alabama, in a predominately African American population with high POPs exposures, particularly to p,p'-DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane).MethodsWe measured lipid-adjusted serum concentrations (ng/g lipid) of p,p'-DDT and its main metabolite p,p'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCCH), heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane,trans-nonachlor, mirex, and aldrin for each woman in our study (n = 210). We also measured two MBD metrics, percent MBD (%MBD) and area of MBD (aMBD). Using adjusted Spearman correlation coefficients (rs) we evaluated correlations between %MBD and aMBD with individual POPs in the overall population and by age group (19–40, 41–54, and 55–91 years) and also estimated adjusted mean measures of MBD with 95% confidence intervals across tertiles of analytes using generalized linear models (GLM). We calculatedp-values for multiplicative interaction by age group using GLM. Additional analyses excluded women with current hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use and evaluated early-life exposure (prior to age 18) during the heaviest contamination period in Triana (1947–90).ResultsAmong all women, we found no correlation between p,p’-DDE and %MBD, but after age stratification and exclusion of HRT users, there was a suggestion of a difference by age group, with younger women having a weak positive correlation (rs= 0.12,p= 0.37) and older women having a weak negative correlation (rs= −0.12,p= 0.43);pinteraction= 0.06. In contrast, PCBs were weakly positively correlated with %MBD among all women, with the correlation magnitudes increasing after excluding current HRT users (rs-total PCBs= 0.17,p= 0.03). After age stratification and exclusion of HRT users, correlations for PCBs were higher among younger and middle-age women, with only a handful of these correlations being statistically significant. For β-HCCH, the strongest finding was a negative correlation among older women (rs= −0.26,p= 0.07). Correlations were positive predominantly in the younger age group for heptachlor epoxide (rs= 0.27,p= 0.04), oxychlordane (rs= 0.35,p= 0.006), andtrans-nonachlor (rs= 0.37,p= 0.003), and largely null for the middle and older age groups;pinteractionrange: 0.03–0.05. Similar patterns were found in GLM analyses using tertiles of exposure and aMBD as the metric for MBD. Women exposed during the heaviest chemical contamination period in Triana prior to age 18 had positive correlations between %MBD and PCBs, heptachlor epoxide, mirex, oxychlordane, andtrans-nonachlor.ConclusionsIn this population, despite high exposures to p,p’-DDT and thus high serum concentrations of its main metabolite, p,p’-DDE, we did not find strong evidence of a positive association with MBD. In fact, there was some evidence of a negative association among older women for p,p’-DDE; a similar pattern was found for β-HCCH. However, younger women with higher serum levels of PCBs, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, andtrans-nonachlor …