EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Language Testing Tools and Technologies
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Language Testing Tools and Technologies
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新兴技术语言测试工具和技术
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Bob Godwin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bob Godwin
第一章.长期以来，测试一直是语言教学不可或缺的一部分：（）正确（）错误2。测试是用来…（勾选所有适用项）[ ]将学生安排在适当的教学级别[ ]评估学习者的进度（为他们自己或他们的老师）[ ]确定并认证语言熟练程度3.提供语言测试的首选网络环境正在迅速成为...额外加分。确保基于互联网的评估程序之间的互操作性的教育机构赞助的项目是检查你的答案计算机化测试计算机至少从20世纪60年代开始就被用于语言评估。伊利诺伊大学的PLATO项目开创了使用联网计算机进行语言练习和测试的先河。然而，直到70年代末和80年代初个人电脑的出现，计算机在语言测试中的使用才变得普遍和普遍。在早期（DOS）较知名的软件包中，有来自杜克大学的Calis（仍然是不受支持的产品）。它是为主动操练和练习语法和词汇而设计的，而不是正式的评估。爱荷华州大学的一个广泛使用的基于Mac的程序Dasher也是如此。这两个程序都提供了不同的反馈选项和识别/显示部分正确的答案。除了专门的语言软件，通用的创作工具经常被用来开发语言训练和评估程序。其中最著名的是HyperCard（来自Apple）和Toolbook（来自Asylum，现在点击21 earn）。有了这两种工具，多媒体可以集成到测试或练习中，允许更多的选择，包括评估听力理解。CD-ROM的出现提供了必要的存储容量，大大促进了多媒体在语言程序中的使用。今天有这些独立创作程序的继任者，如WinCalis，Windows版本的Calis。WinCalis的一个吸引人的功能是它支持Unicode（ISO 10646），它允许在应用程序中同时表示各种语言和字母。来自亚利桑那大学的MaxAuthor是另一个用于语言测试和练习的基于Windows的创作程序。它还支持多种语言，课程可以通过Web访问。虽然一些测试应用程序已经利用了局域网的可用性（特别是集中存储分数），但1993年万维网的到来及其丰富而强大的网络环境提供了一个更具吸引力的-并且越来越普遍的-网络选择。Web提供了集中交付（和认证）以及基于服务器的分数存储和检索的优势。最初，基于Web的测试的用户体验与笔和纸的版本没有太大的不同，交互性或用户反馈相对较少。一些网络测试继续使用类似的方法，通过电子邮件或显示答案的单独网页提供测试评分（供考生与他/她的答案进行比较）。然而，使用Web的优势在于它能够实现交互性。这通常是通过使用Web表单页面来完成的，这些页面由CGI（“公共网关接口”）脚本处理，通常是用Perl编写的。通过CGI提供的测试通常是机器可纠正的格式，如多项选择或对-错，使用复选框，单选按钮或下拉菜单。通常，用户必须在提交测试并收到反馈之前完成整个测试。在基于CGI的格式中，反馈选项有限，很少识别部分正确的答案。1995年，Netscape引入了JavaScript作为内置于其浏览器中的解释性脚本语言，使用了从Java借鉴的面向对象语法。…
Introductory Quiz 1. Testing has long been an integral part of language instruction: ( ) True ( ) False 2. Testing is used to... (check all that apply) [ ] place students in appropriate instructional levels [ ] assess learners' progress (for themselves or their teachers) [ ] ascertain and certify language proficiency levels 3. The preferred networking environment for delivering language testing is rapidly becoming the... Extra credit. The educause-sponsored project to ensure interoperability among Internet-based assessment programs is the Check your answers Computerized Testing Computers have been used in language assessment since at least the 1960s. The PLATO project at the University of Illinois pioneered the use of networked computers for language practice and testing. However, the use of computers in language testing did not become widespread and generally available until the advent of the personal computer in the late seventies and early eighties. Among the better-known software packages from the early (DOS) days is Calis from Duke University (still available as an unsupported product). It was designed for active drill and practice of grammar and vocabulary, rather than formal assessment. This was the case as well for Dasher, a widely-used Mac-based program from the University of Iowa. Both programs provided for varied feedback options and recognition/display of partially correct answers. In addition to dedicated language software, generic authoring tools were often used to develop language drill and assessment programs. The best-known of these are HyperCard (from Apple) and Toolbook (from Asymetrix, now click21earn) With both, multimedia could be integrated into the tests or exercises, allowing for more options, including assessing listening comprehension. The arrival of CD-ROM facilitated greatly the use of multimedia in language programs, by providing the necessary storage capacity. There are today successors to these stand-alone authoring programs, such as WinCalis, the Windows version of Calis. One of the attractive features of WinCalis is its support for Unicode (ISO 10646), which allows representation of a great variety of languages and alphabets simultaneously in an application. MaxAuthor, from the University of Arizona, is another Windows-based authoring program for language testing and practice. It also supports a variety of languages, and lessons can be made Web-accessible. Internet Applications Although some testing applications have taken advantage of the availability of local area networks (particularly for storing scores centrally), the arrival of the World Wide Web in 1993 with its rich and powerful network environment provided a more attractive -- and ever more pervasive -- networking option. The Web offers the advantages of centralized delivery (and authentication) as well as server-based score storage and retrieval. Initially, the user experience with Web-based tests was not much different from pen and paper versions, with relatively little interactivity or user feedback. Some Web tests continue to use similar approaches with test scoring provided by e-mail or separate Web pages showing the answers (for the test taker to compare with his/her answers). The advantage of using the Web, however, is in the interactivity it enables. This is generally done through the use of Web form pages which are processed by CGI ("Common Gateway Interface") scripts, usually written in Perl. Tests delivered through CGI typically are in machine-correctable formats such as multiple choice or true-false, using checkboxes, radio buttons, or pull-down menus. Usually users must complete the entire test before submitting it and receiving feedback. In CGI-based formats, feedback options are limited and there is rarely recognition of partially correct answers. In 1995, Netscape introduced JavaScript as an interpreted scripting language built into its browser, using object-oriented syntax borrowed from Java. …