The dredging dilemma: Economic development and environmental protection in Oakland Harbor
The dredging dilemma: Economic development and environmental protection in Oakland Harbor
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疏浚困境：奥克兰港的经济发展与环境保护
DOI：
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发表时间：
1991
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Kagan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Kagan
海港扩建经常在国家利益和地方利益之间产生紧张关系，国家利益是高效运输，地方利益是水质和栖息地保护。然而，美国现行的许可制度为平衡环境和经济考虑，建立了一种极其繁琐、法律主义和昂贵的方法。奥克兰港的一个案例研究说明了这一趋势。四年来，为疏浚材料寻找一个环境上可接受的地点的计划一直受到一系列没有结果的监管和司法程序的阻碍。同时，大型集装箱船只能在涨潮时进出奥克兰港，而且不能满载。尽管没有任何关于环境风险的权威决定，该港口还是被迫采用越来越昂贵的处理方法。这种“对抗性法律主义”；并不是奥克兰港事件所独有的，而是在其他政策领域中反复出现。它源于分裂的政府结构……
Abstract Seaport expansion often generates tensions between the national interest in efficient transport and local interests in water quality and habitat preservation. The governing American permitting system, however, establishes an extraordinarily cumbersome, legalistic, and costly method for balancing environmental and economic considerations. A case study of the Port of Oakland illustrates the tendency. For four years, plans to find an environmentally acceptable site for dredged material have been stymied by a sequence of inconclusive regulatory and judicial proceedings. Meanwhile, large container ships can enter and leave Oakland harbor only at high tide, and not fully loaded. Despite the absence of any authoritative determination concerning environmental risks, the port was compelled to accede to progressively more expensive disposal methods. Such “adversarial legalism”; is not unique to the Oakland harbor case, but recurs in other policy spheres. It stems from a governmental structure that fragment...