Revealing invisible brews: A new approach to the chemical identification of ancient beer

Revealing invisible brews: A new approach to the chemical identification of ancient beer
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揭示看不见的啤酒:古啤酒化学鉴定的新方法

DOI:
10.1016/j.jas.2018.05.010
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发表时间:
2018
影响因子:
2.8
通讯作者:
Toney, J.L.
Toney, J.L.
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Perruchini, E.;Glatz, C.;Hald, M.M.;Casana, J.;Toney, J.L.

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虽然古代近东楔形文字和图像学明确地证明了啤酒的社会,经济和仪式意义,但啤酒生产或消费的直接考古证据仍然非常罕见。由于缺乏物证,一方面很难推断出有关啤酒成分和生产过程的信息,另一方面也很难推断出啤酒消费的用具和社会背景。近几十年来,有机残留物分析已成为鉴定古代酒精饮料的重要工具,但对近东啤酒的研究主要集中在生产和储存容器上,其形式,考古背景和相关的宏观残留物已经表明它们在啤酒生产中的使用。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的现场采样协议,防止污染沿着与一个完善的有机残留物分析方法,依赖于一系列的共存化合物,以确定在陶瓷容器中的啤酒。在几个现代啤酒样品中发现了相同的化合物,因此,支持我们在伊拉克东北部Khani马西公元前第二个千年晚期遗址的考古样品中发现了类似的发酵大麦饮料。本文中提出的结果使我们能够,第一次,明确地链接到各种各样的船只类型的消费和生产的啤酒,确定一个根本性的变化,美索不达米亚的消费习惯,并阐明了文化层面的巴比伦遇到扎格罗斯-美索不达米亚边境。
While ancient Near Eastern cuneiform texts and iconography unambiguously demonstrate the social, economic, and ritual significance of beer, direct archaeological evidence for beer production or consumption remains surprisingly rare. This scarcity of material evidence renders it difficult to extrapolate information about the ingredients and production processes of beer, on the one hand, and the paraphernalia and social contexts of its consumption, on the other. In recent decades, organic residue analysis has become an essential tool in the identification of ancient alcoholic beverages, but research on Near Eastern beer has focused largely on production and storage vessels, whose form, archaeological context, and associated macroscopic residues already indicated their use in beer production. In this paper, we present a novel field sampling protocol that prevents contamination along with a refined organic residue analysis methodology that relies on a series of co-occurring compounds to identify confidently beer in ceramic vessels. The same compounds were identified in several modern beer samples and, thus, support our identification of a similar fermented barley-based beverage in archaeological samples from the late second millennium BCE site of Khani Masi in northeastern Iraq. The results presented in this paper allow us, for the first time, to unambiguously link a diverse range of vessel types to the consumption and production of beer, identify a fundamental change in Mesopotamian consumption practices, and shed light on the cultural dimensions of Babylonia's encounter with the Zagros-Mesopotamian borderlands.
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