Skull osteology of the Eocene amphisbaenian Spathorhynchus fossorium (Reptilia, Squamata) suggests convergent evolution and reversals of fossorial adaptations in worm lizards

Skull osteology of the Eocene amphisbaenian Spathorhynchus fossorium (Reptilia, Squamata) suggests convergent evolution and reversals of fossorial adaptations in worm lizards
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始新世两栖类Spathorhynchus fossorium(爬行动物,有鳞目)的头骨骨学表明蠕虫蜥蜴化石适应的趋同进化和逆转

DOI:
10.1111/joa.12513
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发表时间:
2016
期刊:
影响因子:
2.4
通讯作者:
Maisano JA
Maisano JA
中科院分区:
医学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Müller J;Hipsley CA;Maisano JA

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穴居两栖类蜥蜴(英语:fossorial amphisbaenians),或称蠕虫蜥蜴,其特征是在头骨和颅后骨上有一套特化的特征,然而化石证据表明,这些共有的衍生特征中至少有一些是趋同进化的。不幸的是,由于缺乏对许多化石分类群的详细了解,很难做出更精确的解释。在这里,我们使用高分辨率X射线计算机断层扫描(HRXCT)描述了美国怀俄明州始新世绿色河组中保存完好的最古老的amphisbaenian,Spathorhynchus fossorium的颅骨解剖。这分类群拥有在两栖类中已知的最强强化的头盖骨之一,许多真皮骨在内部彼此重叠。与现代的分类群不同的是,沟齿龙有一对眶蝶骨,下颌骨中缺乏真正的复合骨,并拥有一个完全封闭的眶缘。最后一个特征代表了一个高度衍生的结构,即轭部与额叶内部建立联系,加强了眶后缘。与密切相关的化石taxonDyticonastis rensbergeri的比较表明,这些衍生的特征也共享后者的物种,并可能代表synapopmorphies的已灭绝的古近纪分支amphisbaenians。加强眼眶边缘的存在表明对功能性眼睛的丧失的选择,并表明可能与现代分类群不同的生态。鉴于目前公认的系统发育位置SpathorhynchusandDyticonastis,我们预测,所谓的“独特的”颅骨性状传统上与fossoriality,如融合的眶楔和眼睛的减少显示了一个更复杂的字符历史比以前假设的,包括平行的进化和逆转表面上原始的条件。
The fossorial amphisbaenians, or worm lizards, are characterized by a suite of specialized characters in the skull and postcranium, however fossil evidence suggests that at least some of these shared derived traits evolved convergently. Unfortunately the lack of detailed knowledge of many fossil taxa has rendered a more precise interpretation difficult. Here we describe the cranial anatomy of the oldest‐known well‐preserved amphisbaenian,Spathorhynchus fossorium, from the Eocene Green River Formation, Wyoming, USA, using high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography (HRXCT). This taxon possesses one of the most strongly reinforced crania known among amphisbaenians, with many dermal bones overlapping each other internally. In contrast to modern taxa,S. fossoriumhas a paired orbitosphenoid, lacks a true compound bone in the mandible, and possesses a fully enclosed orbital rim. The last feature represents a highly derived structure in that the jugal establishes contact with the frontal internally, reinforcing the posterior orbital margin.S. fossoriumalso possesses a strongly modified Vidian canal with a previously unknown connection to the ventral surface of the parabasisphenoid. Comparison with the closely related fossil taxonDyticonastis rensbergerireveals that these derived traits are also shared by the latter species and potentially represent synapopmorphies of an extinct Paleogene clade of amphisbaenians. The presence of a reinforced orbital rim suggests selection against the loss of a functional eye and indicates an ecology potentially different from modern taxa. Given the currently accepted phylogenetic position ofSpathorhynchusandDyticonastis, we predict that supposedly ‘unique’ cranial traits traditionally linked to fossoriality such as a fused orbitosphenoid and the reduction of the eye show a more complex character history than previously assumed, including both parallel evolution and reversals to superficially primitive conditions.
Spathorhynchus fossorium,来自怀俄明州的中始新世两栖类(爬行动物)
DOI: --
发表时间: 1973
期刊:
影响因子: --
作者:
D. Berman
通讯作者: D. Berman
来自俄勒冈州渐新世-中新世约翰戴组的新两栖类(爬行动物类;Amphisbaenia)
DOI: --
发表时间: 1976
期刊:
影响因子: --
作者:
D. Berman
通讯作者: D. Berman
来自德国的始新世蜥蜴揭示了两栖类起源
DOI: 10.1038/nature09919
发表时间: 2011
期刊: Nature
影响因子: 64.8
作者:
Johannes Müller;C. Hipsley;J. Head;N. Kardjilov;A. Hilger;M. Wuttke;R. Reisz
通讯作者: R. Reisz
DOI: --
发表时间: 2010
期刊:
影响因子: --
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Spathorhynchus natronicus,来自怀俄明州渐新世早期的莱茵科两栖类(爬行动物)新种
DOI: --
发表时间: 1977
期刊:
影响因子: --
作者:
D. Berman
通讯作者: D. Berman