Muscle coordination of movement: a perspective.
Muscle coordination of movement: a perspective.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/0021-9290(93)90083-q
复制
发表时间：
1993
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
F. Zajac
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
F. Zajac
多关节运动需要许多肌肉的协调。由于多关节运动是复杂的，运动学数据必须在足够丰富的前向动力学模型的背景下进行分析和解释，以研究协调;否则，原则将仍然难以捉摸。复杂性的出现是因为肌肉的作用是加速所有关节和节段，甚至是它不跨越的关节和它不附着的节段。双关节肌肉甚至可以加速其跨越的其中一个关节，这与其解剖分类相反。例如，腓肠肌可用于在直立期间加速膝盖伸展。最优控制理论是研究肌肉协调性的一种强有力的前向动力学建模方法，因为它可以产生运动的模拟。这些模拟可以尝试复制实验数据，而不假设运动任务的目的，或者以其他方式生成最好地完成假设任务的肌肉和运动轨迹。将该理论应用于最大高度跳跃的研究，揭示了跳跃的生物力学原理，如：（1）跳跃高度对肌肉力量的敏感性大于对肌肉速度的敏感性，而对肌肉-肌腱顺应性的敏感性较低;（2）单关节肌肉产生推进能量，双关节肌肉微调协调;（iii）即使在蹲跳中，反向运动通常也是可取的，因为它似乎既延长了向上推进的持续时间，又给肌肉时间来产生力量，使身体能够以高加速度向上运动。然而，开发前向动力学模型所需的努力是如此之高，以至于模型生成的跳跃或任何其他任务的数据是微薄的。提出了一种交互式计算机工作站环境，由此用户可以开发神经肌肉骨骼控制模型，生成运动任务的模拟，并且更容易地显示运动学和建模数据（例如，动画）。通过研究各种运动任务，每一个理论框架内，希望肌肉协调原则将很快出现。
Multijoint movement requires the coordination of many muscles. Because multijoint movement is complex, kinesiological data must be analyzed and interpreted in the context of forward dynamical models rich enough to study coordination; otherwise, principles will remain elusive. The complexity arises because a muscle acts to accelerate all joints and segments, even joints it does not span and segments to which it does not attach. A biarticular muscle can even act to accelerate one of the joints it spans opposite to its anatomical classification. For example, gastrocnemius may act to accelerate the knee into extension during upright standing. One powerful forward dynamical modeling method to study muscle coordination is optimal control theory because simulation of movement can be produced. These simulation can either attempt to replicate experimental data, without hypothesizing the purpose of the motor task, or otherwise generate muscle and movement trajectories that best accomplish the hypothesized task. Application of the theory to the study of maximum-height jumping has provided insight into the biomechanical principles of jumping, such as: (i) jump height is more sensitive to muscle strength than to muscle speed, and insensitive to musculotendon compliance; (ii) uniarticular muscles generate the propulsive energy and biarticular muscles fine-tune the coordination; and (iii) countermovement is often desirable, even in squat jumps, because it seems both to prolong the duration of upwards propulsion, and to give muscles time to develop force so the body can move upwards initially with high acceleration. The effort necessary to develop forward dynamical models has been so high, however, that model-generated data of jumping or any other task are meager. An interactive computer workstation environment is proposed whereby users can develop neuromusculoskeletal control models, generate simulations of motor tasks, and display both kinesiological and modeling data more easily (e.g., animations). By studying a variety of motor tasks well, each within a theoretical framework, hopefully muscle coordination principles will soon emerge.