Precarious employment and health: developing a research agenda
Precarious employment and health: developing a research agenda
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DOI：
10.1136/jech.2005.045237
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发表时间：
2007-04-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Muntaner, C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Benach, J.;Muntaner, C.
至少自 20 世纪 70 年代末以来，“灵活生产”普遍被认为是确保经济可持续增长的积极且必要的创新。 1 2 工作场所的技术系统、日程安排和薪资都需要“灵活性”，“灵活性”甚至被认为是工人性格的积极特征。提高劳动力灵活性意味着减少对工人进出工作岗位的限制，这些限制以前受到劳动法、工会协议、培训体系或劳动力市场的限制，以保护工人的收入和工作安全。 3在此背景下，劳动力市场灵活性最著名的结果之一是“非典型”就业形式的增长和“标准”全职、长期工作的减少。因此，带福利的标准全职永久性工作现在经常被不同形式的非标准工作安排所取代，例如临时工作、兼职合同、不受监管的地下工作或家庭工作，其中许多工作安排的特点是工作时间表可变、工作保障减少、工资较低、工作场所存在危险和心理社会工作条件紧张。 4公共卫生研究人员应关注非标准雇佣关系的增长有多种原因。 5 从事灵活工作的工人与失业者有许多劳动力市场特征（例如资历较低、收入低、女性、移民和非白人），但他们自己也经历过失业，这是与不良健康结果密切相关的一个因素。 6 7 此外，有证据表明，这些新型工作安排对于工人来说可能与传统失业一样危险。
Since at least the late 1970s,‘‘flexible production’’has commonly been considered as a positive and necessary innovation to ensure sustainable economic growth. 1 2 The need to be ‘‘flexible’’has been proposed for workplace technical systems, schedules and salaries, and ‘‘flexibility’’has even been recognised as a positive feature of a worker’s personality. Increasing labour flexibility means reducing the constraints on the movement of workers into and out of jobs previously constrained by labour laws, union agreements, training systems or labour markets that protect workers’ income and job security. 3 Within this context, one of the bestknown outcomes of labour market flexibility has been the growth of ‘‘atypical’’forms of employment and the decline of the ‘‘standard’’full-time, permanent jobs. Thus, the standard full-time permanent job with benefits is now often replaced with different forms of non-standard work arrangements such as contingent, part-time contract, unregulated underground work or home-based work, many of which are characterised by variable work schedules, reduced job security, lower wages, hazards at the workplace and stressful psychosocial working conditions. 4There are a number of reasons why public health researchers should be concerned about the growth of non-standard employment relationships. 5 Workers in flexible jobs share many labour market characteristics (eg, lower credentials, low income, women, immigrant and nonwhite) with the unemployed, while themselves experiencing bouts of unemployment, a factor strongly associated with adverse health outcomes. 6 7 In addition, evidence suggests that these new types of work arrangements can be as dangerous as traditional unemployment for workers’