Biogeography and evolution of European cave salamanders, Hydromantes (Urodela: Plethodontidae), inferred from mtDNA sequences
Biogeography and evolution of European cave salamanders, Hydromantes (Urodela: Plethodontidae), inferred from mtDNA sequences
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01817.x
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发表时间：
2008-04-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Sotgiu, G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carranza, S.;Romano, A.;Sotgiu, G.
目的对欧洲水螅虫类群的系统发育关系和生物地理特征进行研究。特别是，我们的目的是测试：(1)欧洲物种的单一性和目前对它们相互关系的看法；(2)先前提出的欧洲和美洲Hydromantes分离的时间，以及欧洲内部生物地理学重要事件的时间。位置：加利福尼亚和西地中海盆地，特别是法国东南部，意大利和撒丁岛。方法对欧洲所有现存种、亚种和美国加州2种水mantes标本进行线粒体基因（细胞色素b和12S rRNA）的部分序列分析。此外，还扩增了16个标本的线粒体16S rRNA基因片段。使用CLUSTALX对数据集进行对齐，并使用最大似然、贝叶斯和最大简约方法生成支持良好的系统发育树。分化时间的估计是通过R8S程序获得的，分子钟使用直布罗陀海峡的开放进行校准，这是5.3 Ma的墨西尼亚盐度危机的最后事件。结果美洲和欧洲分支的分离大约发生在13.5 Ma，最可能发生在白令海陆桥向西扩散之前或之后。在欧洲，分化始于中新世晚期，当时Hydromantes (A.) genei从9 Ma属的其他成员中分离出来，并在撒丁岛西南部定居。欧洲大陆和撒丁岛之间的移动，由Speleomantes亚属的一个成员，发生在墨西尼亚盐度危机，在地中海盆地几乎完全干涸5.96 Ma之后。随后广泛的干旱化使生活在凉爽潮湿环境中的水螅虫的地理范围破碎，导致了水螅虫亚属中六个物种的起源。相比之下，在欧洲大陆2-1.3 Ma的第二个多样化时期，可能是由更新世特征的气候振荡期间的非常寒冷的间歇引起的。这里使用的分子钟表明，加利福尼亚和欧洲水螅虫的分离发生的时间比以前认为的要晚，欧洲内部后来的一些系统发育分化也是如此。这些分化事件的估计日期与已知的可能导致或促进它们的地球物理和气候事件相一致。
Aim To infer the phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Hydromantes, with special emphasis on the European taxa. In particular, we aimed to test: (1) the monophyly of the European species and current views on their interrelationships; and (2) previously proposed timings of the separation of European and American Hydromantes, and of biogeographically important events within Europe.Location California and the Western Mediterranean Basin, specifically south-east France, Italy, and the island of Sardinia.Methods Partial sequences of mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and 12S rRNA) were obtained from 45 specimens of Hydromantes, including all European extant species and subspecies, and two species from California. In addition, a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene was amplified for 16 specimens. Data sets were aligned using CLUSTALX, and well-supported phylogenetic trees were produced using maximum-likelihood, Bayesian and maximum-parsimony methods. Estimates of divergence times were obtained with the program R8S, the molecular clock being calibrated using the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar, the final event in the Messinian Salinity Crisis of 5.3 Ma.Results Separation between the American and European clades occurred approximately 13.5 Ma, most probably before or after westward dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge. In Europe, divergence started in the late Miocene, when Hydromantes (A.) genei separated from other members of the genus 9 Ma and colonized south-west Sardinia. Movement between the European mainland and Sardinia, by a member of the subgenus Speleomantes, occurred in the Messinian Salinity Crisis, after the Mediterranean Basin desiccated almost completely 5.96 Ma. Subsequent widespread aridification fragmented the geographical ranges of Hydromantes, which live in cool and humid conditions, resulting in the origin of the six species in the subgenus Speleomantes. In contrast, a second period of diversification, in continental Europe 2-1.3 Ma, was probably caused by very cold interludes during the climatic oscillations that characterized the Pleistocene.Main conclusions The molecular clock used here indicates that the separation of Californian and European Hydromantes occurred more recently than previously believed, and the same is true of some subsequent phylogenetic divergences within Europe. Estimated dates for these divergence events are consistent with known geophysical and climatic events that could have caused or facilitated them.