Biomarkers of fat and fatty acid intake
Biomarkers of fat and fatty acid intake
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DOI：
10.1093/jn/133.3.925s
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发表时间：
2003-03-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Arab, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arab, L
与其他常量营养素（如蛋白质）不同，人类饮食中脂肪的数量和类型在不同文化中有很大差异，随着时间的推移，在西方国家也发生了显着变化。研究脂肪来源、脂肪量和脂肪摄入量的变化对人类疾病的影响，由于多种原因，用传统的饮食评估方法是非常困难的。这些因素包括许多脂肪的隐藏性质、食物和饲料中所含脂肪酸的变化以及个人对饮食中脂肪摄入量问题的敏感性。由于这些原因，脂肪摄入的生物标志物是特别期望的。与其他营养素相比，脂肪和脂溶性物质具有半衰期长和易于储存的优点（在没有饥饿、营养不良或饮食失调的情况下）。借助气相色谱和质谱（GCMS）（4）和高效液相色谱（HPLC），单个脂肪酸定量测量的技术进步使得研究小组织样品中微量脂肪酸的特定异构体成为可能。技术进步也为研究占总脂肪含量不到1%的脂肪打开了大门，如二十二碳六烯酸（DHA），二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和共轭亚油酸（CLA）。生物学的进步增强了我们对一个家族中不同链长脂肪之间差异的认识，包括饱和脂肪。挑战仍然存在，例如评估总脂肪摄入量，区分内源性产生的脂肪的贡献，确定如何评估脂肪的相对与绝对贡献的重要性，以及解释影响个体内和个体间个体脂肪沉积和动员的因素。可能影响沉积和动员的因素包括遗传变异、疾病状态、生活方式差异（即，饮酒和吸烟）、循环载脂蛋白水平以及个体和源组织的激素环境。
Unlike other macronutrients such as protein, the amounts and types of fat in the human diet vary tremendously across cultures and over time have changed significantly within Westernized countries. Studies of the effect that fat sources, fat amounts and changes in fat intake have on human disease are extremely difficult to conduct with traditional dietary assessment methods for a number of reasons. These include the hidden nature of many fats, the variation in fatty acids contained in foods and feed and the sensitivity of individuals to questions about fat intake in their diets. For these reasons biomarkers of fat intake are particularly desirable. Fat and fat-soluble substances have the advantages over other nutrients of a long half-life and readily accessible storage depots (in the absence of starvation, undernutrition or eating disorders). Technological advances in quantitative measurements of individual fatty acids, with the help of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS)(4) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), made possible the study of specific isomers of minor fatty acids from small tissue samples. Technological advances also opened the gateways to the study of fats that represent less than 1% of the total fat profiles, such as decosahexanoic acid (DHA), eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Biological advances enhanced our appreciation of the differences between fats of differing chain lengths within a family, including the saturated fats. Challenges remain, such as assessing total fat intake, discriminating the contribution of endogenously produced fats, determining how to evaluate the importance of relative versus absolute contributions of fat and accounting for the factors that influence deposition and mobilization of individual fats within and between individuals. Factors that can influence deposition and mobilization include genetic variation, disease status, lifestyle differences (i.e., alcohol consumption and smoking), circulating apolipoprotein levels and the hormonal milieu of the individual and the source tissue.