Tall buildings and sustainability
Tall buildings and sustainability
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高层建筑和可持续性
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发表时间：
2012
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通讯作者：
Philip Oldfield
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作者：
Philip Oldfield
21世纪世纪的第一个十年可以很容易地被贴上125年高层建筑类型学历史上最活跃的标签，建造的摩天大楼比其他任何时候都多，更高。建筑业的繁荣与全球认识到减少人为温室气体的必要性相吻合，气候变化可以说是现代世界最大的挑战。有鉴于此，人们的注意力已经转向高层建筑对环境的影响，许多人仍然认为高层建筑本质上是不可持续的。
2008年是全球历史上一个独特的年份，因为世界人口首次有一半-约33亿人-生活在城市地区。根据联合国的数据，每天有193，107名新的城市居民加入这一数字，这意味着到2050年城市人口将几乎翻一番。这些人将在哪里生活、工作、娱乐？很明显，高层建筑可以在这方面发挥作用，提供密集的可持续生活和紧凑的城市，减少交通排放。然而，尽管有这种潜力，今天建成的大多数高层建筑仍然在设计时很少考虑环境和可持续性。因此，提高高层建筑可持续性的重要性不容否认，为了提高其可持续性，人们已经并将继续进行疯狂的研究。
迄今为止，大部分研究都集中在减少与高层建筑运营相关的环境影响上，即减少日常活动所需的能源（以及排放），如空间调节，照明，设备操作，供水和水加热。从这项研究中，出现了许多高层建筑的建议和建设项目，声称已显着降低了运营能源需求。虽然这些进步对于创造可持续的高层建筑至关重要，但它们本身还不够。通过生产、运输和组装材料和组件进入功能建筑物（称为嵌入式能源/碳），也需要能源，排放也被释放，并且几乎没有开展工作来确定高层建筑类型中这些环境影响的重要性。可持续性是一个整体概念，包括经济、社会和环境问题，因此，建造真正可持续的高层建筑所面临的挑战显然远远超出了能源效率本身。
然后，本文探讨了高层建筑在更广泛意义上的可持续性，包括环境，社会和经济问题，研究这些领域之间的联系，以及如何由一个影响力驱动的变化可以影响其他。它包括一个扩展摘要和五篇已发表的论文，这些论文共同描述了作者为创造更可持续的高层建筑而进行的探索，以确定机遇和挑战。
注：出于版权原因，本在线版本仅包含扩展摘要文档。
The first decade of the 21st Century can easily be labelled the most active in the 125 year history of the tall building typology, with more, and taller, skyscrapers being constructed than at any other time. This boom in construction has coincided with a global recognition for the need to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gases with climate change becoming arguably the greatest challenge of the modern world. In light of this, attention has turned towards the environmental impact of tall buildings which are still seen by many as inherently unsustainable.
The year 2008 presented a unique standpoint in global history, as for the first time half the world’s population – some 3.3 billion people – lived in urban areas. According to the United Nations, 193,107 new city dwellers are added to this figure every day, meaning urban populations will nearly double by 2050. Where will these people live, work, play? It is clear the tall building could play a role in this, providing dense sustainable living and compact cities with reduced transportation emissions. However, despite this potential, the majority of tall buildings completed today continue to be designed with too little consideration of environment and sustainability. The importance of improving tall building sustainability then cannot be denied and frenzied research has – and continues to be – undertaken in order to improve their sustainable credentials.
Much of the research to date has focussed on reducing the environmental impacts associated with the operation of tall buildings, that is reducing the energy required for (and emissions released from) activities such as space conditioning, lighting, equipment operation, water supply and water heating that occur on a day-to-day basis. Out of this research has emerged numerous tall building proposals and built projects that claim to have significantly reduced operating energy requirements. Whilst these advancements are vital for creating sustainable tall buildings, they are in themselves not enough. Energy is also required, and emissions also released, through the production, transportation and assembly of materials and components into functioning buildings (known as embodied energy / carbon), and little work has been undertaken to establish the importance of these environmental impacts in the high-rise typology. Sustainability is a holistic concept, encompassing economic, social and environmental issues, so clearly the challenge to create truly sustainable tall buildings goes far beyond energy efficiency alone.
This thesis then explores sustainability in tall buildings in the broader sense, encompassing environmental, social and economic issues, examining the links between these areas and how changes driven by the influence of one can impact the others. It consists of an Extended Abstract and five published papers which together describe the quest the author has undertaken to identify opportunities and challenges for the creation of more sustainable high-rise architecture.
Note: For copyright reasons, only the Extended Abstract document is included here in this online version.