Norms of assertion (Knowledge Norm of Assertion, KNA)
Norms of assertion (Knowledge Norm of Assertion, KNA)
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00664.x
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发表时间：
2007-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Lackey, Jennifer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lackey, Jennifer
KNA：只有当一个人知道p. 1的时候，他才应该断言p.所以，举个例子，Timothy Williamson说他的观点可以是“…概括为“只有知识才值得断言”（Williamson 2000，第243页）。根据这一观点，杰森·斯坦利认为“……断言是……概念上与知识有关……一个人应该只坚持他所知道的”（Stanley 2005，第10-1页，原重点）。类似地，基思·德罗斯声称“……如果一个人知道P，他就有足够的能力断言P”（DeRose 2002，第180页）。约翰·霍桑也同意：“断言的实践是由这样的规则/要求构成的：只有当一个人知道某事时，他才会断言”（霍桑2004，第23页）。现在，规范的主张是需要遵循的规则，以提供一个正确的主张，很像我们需要遵循的规则，以便在某些竞技体育中正确表现。当然，与许多其他准则一样，朝鲜人民军也可能被违反，而且经常被违反。例如，我可能会断言污染正在杀死我们当地的野生动物，而我只是怀疑情况确实如此。根据KNA的支持者，在这种情况下——在没有相应知识的情况下做出断言——有问题的断言者适当地受到批评。因此，约翰·霍桑认为“……如果某人断言p，如果她不知道p，批评这个人是恰当的”（Hawthorne 2004, p. 23）。本着同样的精神，威廉姆森认为“……在不知道P在做某事的情况下断言P，而P没有权力这么做
KNA: One should assert that p only if one knows that p. 1 So, for instance, Timothy Williamson says that his view can be"... summarized in the slogan'Only knowledge warrants assertion"'(Williamson 2000, p. 243). 2 Following this view, Jason Stanley maintains that"... assertion is... conceptually connected to knowledge... one ought only to assert what one knows"(Stanley 2005, pp. 10-1, original emphasis). Similarly, Keith DeRose claims that"... one is positioned well-enough to assert that P iff one knows that P"(DeRose 2002, p. 180). And John Hawthorne concurs:"[t] he practice of assertion is constituted by the rule/requirement that one assert something only if one knows it"(Hawthorne 2004, p. 23). 3 Now, a norm governing assertion is the rule that needs to be followed in order to offer a proper assertion, much like we have rules that need to be followed in order to properly perform in certain competitive sports. 4 Of course, as with many other norms, the KNA can be, and frequently is, violated. I may, for instance, assert that pollution is killing our local wildlife when I only suspect that this is the case. According to proponents of the KNA, in cases such as this-where an assertion is made in the absence of the corresponding knowledge-the asserter in question is appropriately subject to criticism. Thus, John Hawthorne maintains that"... if someone asserts p, it is proper to criticize that person if she does not know that p"(Hawthorne 2004, p. 23). In a similar spirit, Williamson holds that"... asserting that P without knowing that P is doing something without having the authority to