Inhalation of hazardous air pollutants from environmental tobacco smoke in US residences
Inhalation of hazardous air pollutants from environmental tobacco smoke in US residences
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500361
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发表时间：
2004-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Singer, BC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nazaroff, WW;Singer, BC
在美国，4800万成年人每年吸食3.5 - 5×10¹¹支香烟。许多香烟是在私人住宅中吸食的，导致大约3100万不吸烟者（占美国人口的11%）经常暴露于环境烟草烟雾（ETS）中，其中包括1600万青少年。（上限估计是有5300万暴露的不吸烟者，包括2800万青少年。）ETS含有许多化学物质，其工业排放被美国联邦政府作为有害空气污染物（HAPs）进行监管。在本文中，对与吸烟者共同生活的美国不吸烟者估计了其在ETS中16种HAPs的平均每日住宅暴露量和摄入量。该评估基于物质平衡模型；利用了已公布的吸烟习惯、人口统计学和住房方面的数据；并纳入了新报告的与暴露相关的排放因子。对于丙烯醛、乙醛、1,3 - 丁二烯和甲醛，估计的平均暴露浓度与参考浓度之比接近或大于1，这表明对于慢性暴露的非癌症健康影响存在潜在担忧。此外，对于五种已知或可能的人类致癌物：乙醛、甲醛、苯、丙烯腈和1,3 - 丁二烯，估计因住宅ETS暴露而产生的终身癌症风险是相当大的（约为每百万2 - 500例）。针对六种关键化合物，将住宅ETS的累积人群摄入量与环境暴露源进行了比较。发现ETS是丙烯腈和1,3 - 丁二烯环境吸入摄入量的主要来源。它是乙醛、丙烯醛和甲醛摄入量的一个重要原因，也是苯摄入量的一个重要贡献因素。
In the United States, 48 million adults smoke 3.5-5 x 10(11) cigarettes/year. Many cigarettes are smoked in private residences, causing regular environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure to roughly 31 million nonsmokers (11% of the US population), including 16 million juveniles. (Upper bound estimates are 53 million exposed nonsmokers including 28 million juveniles.) ETS contains many chemical species whose industrial emissions are regulated by the US federal government as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). In this paper, average daily residential exposures to and intakes of 16 HAPs in ETS are estimated for US nonsmokers who live with smokers. The evaluation is based on material-balance modeling; utilizes published data on smoking habits, demographics, and housing; and incorporates newly reported exposure-relevant emission factors. The ratio of estimated average exposure concentrations to reference concentrations is close to or greater than one for acrolein, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde, indicating potential for concern regarding noncancer health effects from chronic exposures. In addition, lifetime cancer risks from residential ETS exposure are estimated to be substantial (similar to2-500 per million) for each of five known or probable human carcinogens: acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, benzene, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-butadiene. Cumulative population intakes from residential ETS are compared for six key compounds against ambient sources of exposure. ETS is found to be a dominant source of environmental inhalation intake for acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene. It is an important cause of intake for acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde, and a significant contributor to intake for benzene.