EXAPTATION - A MISSING TERM IN THE SCIENCE OF FORM
EXAPTATION - A MISSING TERM IN THE SCIENCE OF FORM
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DOI：
10.1017/s0094837300004310
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发表时间：
1982-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
VRBA, ES
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
GOULD, SJ;VRBA, ES
适应性有两个不同的标准来定义和识别：历史起源（自然选择为它们目前的角色所建立的特征）和当前效用（无论它们如何出现，现在都能增强适应性的特征）。生物学家常常未能认识到这些不同定义之间可能存在的混乱，因为自然选择被视为进化机制中的主导地位，以至于历史过程和当前产物合二为一。然而，如果生物体的许多特征是非适应性的，但在后代中可用于有用的选择，那么一个重要的概念就没有名字（而未命名的想法通常不会被考虑）：现在增强适应性的特征，但不是自然选择为它们当前的角色而建立的。这些特征应该被称为外适应（exaptations）;正如达尔文所建议的，适应应该被限制在通过选择为当前角色而建立的特征上。几个exaptation的例子，表明未能概念化这样一个想法限制了以前可用的假设范围。外适应的几个后果，并提出了一个术语的解决方案的问题，预适应。
Adaptation has been defined and recognized by 2 different criteria: historical genesis (features built by natural selection for their present role) and current utility (features now enhancing fitness no matter how they arose). Biologists have often failed to recognize the potential confusion between these different definitions because natural selection has been viewed as so dominant among evolutionary mechanisms that historical process and current product become one. Yet if many features of organisms are non-adapted, but available for useful cooptation in descendants, then an important concept has no name (and unnamed ideas generally remain unconsidered): features that now enhance fitness but were not built by natural selection for their current role. Such features should be called exaptations; adaptation should be restricted, as Darwin suggested, to features built by selection for their current role. Several examples of exaptation, indicating where a failure to conceptualize such an idea limited the range of hypotheses previously available. Several consequences of exaptation and propose a terminological solution to the problem of preadaptation.