Conservation and enhancement of wild fish populations: preserving genetic quality versus
Conservation and enhancement of wild fish populations: preserving genetic quality versus
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DOI：
10.1139/f2011-029
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发表时间：
2011-06
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
B. Neff;S. Garner;T. Pitcher
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Neff;S. Garner;T. Pitcher
近40%的商业渔业现已崩溃或严重衰退。作为回应，各国政府已投资数百万美元进行人工繁殖计划，但许多计划未能恢复日益减少的野生种群。这种失败可能部分在于缺乏对健康遗传结构的了解：与个人表现相关的基因和基因型。在本文中，我们讨论（i）人工育种计划，（ii）适应性的遗传结构，（iii）加性和非加性遗传对适应性的影响，（iv）遗传多样性和进化性，以及（v）自然育种和适应。我们认为，大多数育种计划不能维持遗传适应性，因此可能无法有效恢复或增强野生种群。此外，没有证据表明，在经历强烈近交衰退的种群之外，保留中性遗传标记测量的遗传多样性可以提高鱼类的性能或种群生存能力，并且有限的数据表明遗传多样性可以增加种群适应不断变化的环境的潜力。我们建议，人工育种计划只能作为种群面临迫在眉睫的灭绝时的最后手段，并且此类计划必须将重点从仅仅保护遗传多样性转向保护遗传适应性。
Nearly 40% of commercial fisheries have now collapsed or are in serious decline. In response, governments have invested millions of dollars into artificial breeding programs, but many programs have failed to rehabilitate dwindling wild stocks. This failure may in part lie in the lack of knowledge about the genetic architecture of fitness: the genes and geno- types that are associated with individual performance. In this paper we discuss (i) artificial breeding programs, (ii) the ge- netic architecture of fitness, (iii) additive and nonadditive genetic effects on fitness, (iv) genetic diversity and evolvability, and (v) natural breeding and adaptation. We argue that most breeding programs do not maintain genetic adaptations and may consequently be ineffective at rehabilitating or enhancing wild populations. Moreover, there is no evidence that preserv- ing genetic diversity as measured from neutral genetic markers increases fish performance or population viability outside of populations that experience strong inbreeding depression, and limited data that genetic diversity increases the potential for populations to adapt to changing environments. We suggest that artificial breeding programs should be used only as a last resort when populations face imminent extirpation and that such programs must shift the focus from solely preserving ge- netic diversity to preserving genetic adaptations.