Semantik: Ein Internationales Handbuch Der Zeitgenössischen Forschung
Semantik: Ein Internationales Handbuch Der Zeitgenössischen Forschung
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语义：Ein Internationales Handbuch Der Zeitgenössischen Forschung
DOI：
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发表时间：
1991
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Wunderlich
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Arnim von Stechow;D. Wunderlich
在过去的20年里，自然语言的意义研究已经成为理论语言学中最活跃的学科之一。语言学、语言哲学和哲学逻辑的不同传统汇聚在真值条件语义学的范式中，该范式在认知科学中发挥着核心作用。从对特定语言的实证研究中，出现了更多的主要问题，即说话人如何成功地使用正式的符号组合来表达特定类型的意义。为解决这一问题而发展起来的理论认为，对于听话人来说，复杂表达的意义必须是可计算的，因此，现代理论语义学从句法结构的角度出发，使用形式代数方法来构筑意义。此外，意义需要“锚定”在听者可获得的经验中。为了处理这一问题，理论语义学广泛地使用了真条件的概念，它大致解释了世界必须如何构建才能与某些语言表达相匹配。语义分析与语境理论和言语行为理论相辅相成。因此，语言意义必然与人类的认知能力有关，因此，理论语义学与哲学逻辑乃至整个认知科学都有着密切的联系。这本手册的目的是代表过去二十年来在国际研究中发展起来的理论知识体系。其中一些理论现在可以被称为“经典”，因为它们属于普遍接受的理论语义学基础。其他理论仍然存在争议，还有一些问题有待解决--这在一个更发达的科学中是正常的。作者是语义学领域的主要专家，他们试图平衡公认的和有问题的结果。不用说，每个作家在这方面都有不同的立场。有些文章是用英语写的，有些是用德语写的。由于语义学被认为是语言学的一个子领域，所以文章的安排是基于语言学的观点。前5章(包括15篇文章)介绍了语义学的共同原则：语义学的本体论基础、意义的构成、使用问题(语境、言语行为和意义的词汇基础)。接下来的5章(包括25篇文章)涉及特定类别的语言表达的语义现象、理论和问题。这些都是按照词性排列的：名词、功能范畴、动词、形容词等等。这种划分本身并不反映一个理论立场，但它允许人们认识到彼此相关的问题。一些更一般的问题在一篇以上的文章中以不同的视角和附近进行了讨论。这本手册的补充是一篇关于语义学中形式方法的服务文章，随后是一个全面的参考书目，包括大约1700个条目，以及一个主题和一个名字索引。这本手册对语言学和相关学科(语言哲学、认知科学)的所有研究都是不可或缺的。其中一些文章可以作为高级学生班级的基础文献。
During the past 20 years the investigation into meaning of natural languages has emerged into one of the most active disciplines in theoretical linguistics. The different traditions of linguistics, philosophy of language and philosophical logic converged in the paradigm of truth conditional semantics, which now plays a central role in the cognitive sciences. From empirical research in particular languages more principal questions arise of how the speaker succeeds in expressing particular types of meaning by use of formal combination of signs. The theories developed to cope with the question assume that for a hearer, the meaning of a complex expression must be "computable", and therefore, modern theoretical semantics uses formal algebraic methods to construct the meaning compositionally in view of syntactic structur. Furthermore, meaning need to be "anchored" in the experience available to hearer. In order to deal with this, theoretical semantics extensivly uses the concept of truth conditions, which roughly explain how a world must be structured in order to be matched by certain linguistic expressions. Semantic analyses are complemented by context theory and the theory of speech acts. Thus, linguistic meaning must be related to human cognitive capacities, and therefore, theoretical semantics is tightly connected with philosophical logic as well as cognitive sciences in general. The aim of this handbook is to represent the body of theoretical knowledge which has evolved in the international research of the last two decades. Some of the theories can now be termed "classical" in that they belong to the commonly accepted base of theoretical semantics. Other theories are still disputed, and there areproblems still to be solved - as normal in a more developed science. The authors, who are leading experts in the field of semantics, try to balance the accepted and the questionable results. It goes without saying that each author hold a particular position in this respect. Some articles are written in English, some in German. Since semantics is considered to be a subfield of linguistics, the articles are arranged due to linguistic points of view. In the first 5 chapters (comprising 15 articles) the common principles of semantics are presented: ontological foundations of semantics, composition of meaning, problems of use (context, speech acts, and lexical base of meaning. The next 5 chapters (comprising 25 articles) are concerned with semantic phenomena, theories and problems which are specific for a particular class of linguistic expressions. These are arranged according to parts of speech: nouns, functional categories, verbs, adjectives and so on.This division does not reflect a theoretical position by itself, however it allows one to recognize problems connected with one another. Some more general questions are discussed in more than one article, in different perspective and vicinity. The Handbook is complemented by a service article on formal methods in semantics, followed by a comprehensive bibliography including about 1700 entries, and both a subject and a name index. This handbook is indispensable for all research in linguistics and neighboring disciplines (philosophy of language, cognitive sciences). Some of the articles can serve as basic literature for classes of advanced students.