Associative symmetry, antisymmetry, and a theory of pigeons' equivalence-class formation.
Associative symmetry, antisymmetry, and a theory of pigeons' equivalence-class formation.
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DOI：
10.1901/jeab.2008.90-257
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发表时间：
2008-11
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
P. Urcuioli
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Urcuioli
五个实验评估了鸽子的联想对称性。在实验1A，1B和2中，鸽子学会了两个替代的符号匹配相同的样本和比较响应的要求，并与匹配的刺激出现在所有可能的位置。尽管控制了功能刺激的性质，并确保了所有必要的歧视，有很少或根本没有对称的证据。相比之下，实验3在连续（通过/不通过）匹配中证明了对称性，复制了Frank和Wasserman（2005）的发现。鉴于这些结果，我认为在连续匹配中，（1）功能刺激是刺激-时间位置复合物，（2）在整个训练过程中，一些样本-比较组合的持续非强化与其他组合的强化并置促进刺激类的形成，（3）类由强化组合的元素组成，（4）共同元素产生类合并。该理论预测，特定的训练关系集应该产生“反对称”：Piglitarian应该对非强化符号基线关系的逆转做出更多的反应，而不是对强化关系的逆转做出反应。实验4证实了这一违反直觉的预测。这些结果和其他理论影响支持的想法，等价关系是一个自然的后果，加强突发事件。
Five experiments assessed associative symmetry in pigeons. In Experiments 1A, 1B and 2, pigeons learned two-alternative symbolic matching with identical sample- and comparison-response requirements and with matching stimuli appearing in all possible locations. Despite controlling for the nature of the functional stimuli and insuring all requisite discriminations, there was little or no evidence for symmetry. By contrast, Experiment 3 demonstrated symmetry in successive (go/no-go) matching, replicating the findings of Frank and Wasserman (2005). In view of these results, I propose that in successive matching, (1) the functional stimuli are stimulus-temporal location compounds, (2) continual nonreinforcement of some sample-comparison combinationsjuxtaposed with reinforcement of other combinations throughout training facilitates stimulus class formation, (3) classes consist of the elements of the reinforced combinations, and (4) common elements produce class merger. The theory predicts that particular sets of training relations should yield "antisymmetry": Pigeons should respond more to a reversal of the nonreinforced symbolic baseline relations than to a reversal of the reinforced relations. Experiment 4 confirmed this counterintuitive prediction. These results and other theoretical implications support the idea that equivalence relations are a natural consequence of reinforcement contingencies.