The brain of musicians: A model for functional and structural adaptation
The brain of musicians: A model for functional and structural adaptation
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05739.x
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发表时间：
2001-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Schlaug, G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schlaug, G
音乐家形成了一个理想的主题池，在这个池中，人们可以研究大脑对熟练演奏的独特要求的可能适应，以及大脑与独特音乐能力(如绝对音高和其他能力)的相关性。这有几个原因。首先，音乐训练的开始通常发生在大脑及其组成部分可能仍然能够适应的时候。其次，音乐家要接受长期的运动训练，并继续练习复杂的双手运动活动。第三，我们小组和其他小组的成像研究表明，运动学习和技能的获得可以导致运动地图表征的变化，也可能导致微观结构的变化。音乐家大脑表现出的独特的音乐能力和结构差异是否源于学习，也许是在大脑发育和成熟的关键时期，还是反映了可能通过早期接触音乐而培养出来的天生能力和能力，这在很大程度上尚不清楚。我们将报告的研究表明，大脑中的某些区域(胼胝体、运动皮质、小脑)可能会表现出某种形式的适应，以适应特殊的挑战和表现要求。这些挑战最终可能导致大脑功能和结构的变化，以适应音乐表演的要求。此外，我们还将展示一种独特的音乐能力--绝对音高--的神经关联。这种能力可能与人类大脑中的一种结构(临时平面)有关，在音调任务中具有绝对音高的音乐家优先激活该结构。这种结构可能经历某种形式的功能可塑性，只有在大脑发育的关键时期才有可能。
Musicians form an ideal subject pool in which one can investigate possible cerebral adaptations to unique requirements of skilled performance as well as cerebral correlates of unique musical abilities such as absolute pitch and others. There are several reasons for this. First, the commencement of musical training usually occurs when the brain and its components may still be able to adapt. Second, musicians undergo long-term motor training and continued practice of complicated bimanual motor activity. Third, imaging studies from our group as well as other groups have shown that motor learning and the acquisition of skills can lead to changes in the representation of motor maps and possibly also to microstructural changes. Whether the unique musical abilities and structural differences that musicians' brains show are due to learning, perhaps during critical periods of brain development and maturation, or whether they reflect innate abilities and capacities that might be fostered by early exposure to music is largely unknown. We will report studies that indicate that certain regions in the brain (corpus callosum, motor cortex, cerebellum) may show some form of adaptation to extraordinary challenges and requirements of performance. These challenges may eventually lead to functional and structural cerebral changes to accommodate the requirements for musical performance. Furthermore, we will also show the neural correlates of one unique musical ability, absolute pitch. This ability may be linked to one structure in the human brain (planum temporale), which is preferentially activated in musicians who have absolute pitch during tone tasks. This structure may undergo some form of functional plasticity that is possible only during a critical period of brain development.