Human health and performance for long-duration spaceflight
Human health and performance for long-duration spaceflight
复制标题
DOI：
10.3357/asem.2314.2008
复制
发表时间：
2008-06-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Webb, James T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baisden, Denise L.;Beven, Gary E.;Webb, James T.
作为2004年美国宇航局发起的“太空探索愿景”计划的一部分，目前正在计划未来的月球和火星长期太空飞行。这份报告描述了国际空间站、月球基地和最终火星远征的设计参考任务。有必要对机组人员进行更严格的飞行前体检，以尽量减少飞行中无法有效治疗的疾病的风险因素。由于空间生命科学研究和开发的资金已经被取消，以资助项目开发，这些任务将通过类似于国际空间站目前使用的对策来实现。有人一再建议，在旋转航天器中使用离心作用的人工重力是防止微重力条件失调的一种“普遍对策”，如果发现其他对策无效，也可以作为一种选择。然而，行星际飞行中最大的医学未知可能是辐射暴露的影响。此外，火星探险将导致比以往任何太空使命都更大程度的孤立和心理压力; 2正因为如此，精神失代偿仍然是一种风险。从历史上看，与疾病和伤害有关的死亡率和发病率比有缺陷的运输系统更能解释新勘探的失败和延误。未来火星探险的医疗保健系统将需要自主和自给自足，因为与确定的医疗保健分离的时间非常长。这种能力可以通过在机组人员中配备一名医生来扩大，包括简单、低技术的外科手术能力。
Future long-duration spaceflights are now being planned to the Moon and Mars as a part of the "Vision for Space Exploration" program initiated by NASA in 2004. This report describes the design reference missions for the International Space Station, Lunar Base, and eventually a Mars Expedition. There is a need to develop more stringent preflight medical screening for crewmembers to minimize risk factors for diseases which cannot be effectively treated in flight. Since funding for space life sciences research and development has been eliminated to fund program development, these missions will be enabled by countermeasures much like those currently in use aboard the International Space Station. Artificial gravity using centrifugation in a rotating spacecraft has been suggested repeatedly as a "universal countermeasure" against deconditioning in microgravity and could be an option if other countermeasures are found to be ineffective. However, the greatest medical unknown in interplanetary flight may be the effects of radiation exposure. in addition, a Mars expedition would lead to a far greater level of isolation and psychological stress than any space mission attempted previously; because of this, psychiatric decompensation remains a risk. Historically, mortality and morbidity related to illness and injury have accounted for more failures and delays in new exploration than have defective transportation systems. The medical care system on a future Mars expedition will need to be autonomous and self-sufficient due to the extremely long separation from definitive medical care. This capability could be expanded by the presence of a physician in the crew and including simple, low-technology surgical capability.