Working Memory, Reasoning, and Task Switching Training: Transfer Effects, Limitations, and Great Expectations?
Working Memory, Reasoning, and Task Switching Training: Transfer Effects, Limitations, and Great Expectations?
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0142169
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发表时间：
2015-11-10
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Kramer, Arthur F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baniqued, Pauline L.;Allen, Courtney M.;Kramer, Arthur F.
虽然一些研究表明，认知训练可以改善未经训练的认知域(远距离迁移)，但许多其他研究没有显示出这些效果，特别是在提高液态智力方面。目前的研究旨在克服之前培训研究的几个局限性，纳入了培训预期评估，一个积极的控制组，以及一个基于视频游戏的移动程序，包括六个适应性的、对认知要求很高的培训任务，已经发现这些任务会导致流体智力(GF)测试分数的提高。我们假设，这种综合训练通过针对工作记忆、执行功能、推理和解决问题的方面，可能会导致认知能力的广泛改善。90名参与者在四到五周内完成了长达20个半小时的训练，其中45人玩了Mind Frontiers，45人完成了视觉搜索和变化检测任务(主动控制)。训练后，Mind Frontiers小组在工作记忆n-back测试中有所改善，n-back测试是感知速度的综合衡量标准，也是推理测试中反应时间的综合衡量标准。在推理准确性或其他工作记忆测试中，也没有发现与训练相关的改善，也没有在情景记忆、选择性注意力、分散注意力和多任务处理的综合测量中发现改善。在测试的能力中，自我提升的感知在不同组之间没有差异。不同组之间在解决问题方面的总体期望差异被观察到，但这种感知到的好处与培训相关的改进没有相关性。总而言之，尽管这些发现为综合认知训练计划的有效性提供了适度的证据，但还需要更多的研究来确定思维前沿作为认知训练工具的效用。
Although some studies have shown that cognitive training can produce improvements to untrained cognitive domains (far transfer), many others fail to show these effects, especially when it comes to improving fluid intelligence. The current study was designed to overcome several limitations of previous training studies by incorporating training expectancy assessments, an active control group, and "Mind Frontiers," a video game-based mobile program comprised of six adaptive, cognitively demanding training tasks that have been found to lead to increased scores in fluid intelligence (Gf) tests. We hypothesize that such integrated training may lead to broad improvements in cognitive abilities by targeting aspects of working memory, executive function, reasoning, and problem solving. Ninety participants completed 20 hour-and-a-half long training sessions over four to five weeks, 45 of whom played Mind Frontiers and 45 of whom completed visual search and change detection tasks (active control). After training, the Mind Frontiers group improved in working memory n-back tests, a composite measure of perceptual speed, and a composite measure of reaction time in reasoning tests. No training-related improvements were found in reasoning accuracy or other working memory tests, nor in composite measures of episodic memory, selective attention, divided attention, and multi-tasking. Perceived self-improvement in the tested abilities did not differ between groups. A general expectancy difference in problem-solving was observed between groups, but this perceived benefit did not correlate with training-related improvement. In summary, although these findings provide modest evidence regarding the efficacy of an integrated cognitive training program, more research is needed to determine the utility of Mind Frontiers as a cognitive training tool.