Unwilling versus unable: Infants' understanding of intentional action
Unwilling versus unable: Infants' understanding of intentional action
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DOI：
10.1037/0012-1649.41.2.328
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发表时间：
2005-03-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Tomasello, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Behne, T;Carpenter, M;Tomasello, M
婴儿经历了女性成人递给他们玩具的过程。然而，有时交易会失败，要么是因为成年人以各种方式不愿意给予玩具（例如，她用玩具逗弄孩子或自己玩玩具），要么是因为她无法给予玩具（例如，她不小心把玩具掉在地上）。 9、12 和 18 个月大的婴儿在成人不愿意给他们玩具时比在她根本无法给他们玩具时表现得更加不耐烦（例如伸手、看向别处）。相比之下，六个月大的孩子没有表现出这种分化的证据。由于婴儿的行为反应会适当地适应不同类型的有意行为，而且成人的行为有时会产生与目标不符的结果（发生意外或尝试失败时），因此这些发现提供了特别丰富的证据，表明婴儿在 9 个月左右时首次开始理解目标导向的行为。
Infants experienced a female adult handing them toys. Sometimes, however, the transaction failed, either because the adult was in various ways unwilling to give the toy (e.g., she teased the child with it or played with it herself) or else because she was unable to give it (e.g., she accidentally dropped it). Infants at 9, 12, and 18 months of age reacted with more impatience (e.g., reaching, looking away) when the adult was unwilling to give them the toy than when she was simply unable to give it. Six-month-olds, in contrast, showed no evidence of this differentiation. Because infants' behavioral responses were appropriately adapted to different kinds of intentional actions, and because the adult's actions sometimes produced results that did not match her goal (when having accidents or failed attempts), these findings provide especially rich evidence that infants first begin to understand goal-directed action at around 9 months of age.