Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers.
Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_2
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jacob, Peyton 3rd
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Benowitz, Neal L;Hukkanen, Janne;Jacob, Peyton 3rd
尼古丁是烟草成瘾的基础，影响烟草使用模式，并被用作戒烟的药理学辅助剂。综述了烟草和药品中尼古丁的吸收、分布和处置特征。尼古丁主要由肝酶 CYP2A6、UDP-葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶 (UGT) 和含黄素单加氧酶 (FMO) 代谢。除了遗传因素外，尼古丁代谢还受到饮食和膳食、年龄、性别、含有雌激素的激素制剂的使用、怀孕和肾脏疾病、其他药物以及吸烟本身的影响。尼古丁代谢存在显着的种族/民族差异，这可能受到遗传和环境因素的影响。最广泛使用的尼古丁摄入量生物标志物是可替宁，可以在血液、尿液、唾液、头发或指甲中进行测量。目前在美国普通人群中区分吸烟者和非吸烟者的最佳血浆可替宁切点是 3 ng ml−1。这一分界点比 20 年前设定的要低得多，反映出由于清洁空气政策以及更多的轻度或偶尔吸烟而减少了二手烟暴露。
Nicotine underlies tobacco addiction, influences tobacco use patterns, and is used as a pharmacological aid to smoking cessation. The absorption, distribution and disposition characteristics of nicotine from tobacco and medicinal products are reviewed. Nicotine is metabolized primarily by the liver enzymes CYP2A6, UDP-glucuronosyltransfease (UGT), and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO). In addition to genetic factors, nicotine metabolism is influenced by diet and meals, age, sex, use of estrogen-containing hormone preparations, pregnancy and kidney disease, other medications, and smoking itself. Substantial racial/ethnic differences are observed in nicotine metabolism, which are likely influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The most widely used biomarker of nicotine intake is cotinine, which may be measured in blood, urine, saliva, hair, or nails. The current optimal plasma cotinine cut-point to distinguish smokers from non-smokers in the general US population is 3 ng ml−1. This cut-point is much lower than that established 20 years ago, reflecting less secondhand smoke exposure due to clear air policies and more light or occasional smoking.