Principles and application of heterodyne scanning tunnelling spectroscopy.

Principles and application of heterodyne scanning tunnelling spectroscopy.
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DOI:
10.1038/srep06711
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发表时间:
2014-10-24
期刊:
影响因子:
4.6
通讯作者:
Nakamura J
Nakamura J
中科院分区:
综合性期刊3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Matsuyama E;Kondo T;Oigawa H;Guo D;Nemoto S;Nakamura J

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在极宽的频率范围内检测光谱学中的极弱信号是多种科学的核心,包括材料科学,生物学,天文学和化学。在这里,我们展示了一种新型的原子尺度光谱,外差扫描隧道光谱(HSTS),这是基于非线性外差混合检测在金属-绝缘体-金属(MIM)异质结的STM针尖真空样品的创新应用。HSTS的原理与阿塔卡马大型毫米波阵列(阿尔马)空间望远镜的原理相同,即通过将太赫兹区域转换到较低频率区域来使用异质结检测极弱信号。阿尔马的MIM探测器由氮化铌钛(NbTiN)尖端绝缘体NbTiN组成,在形状和尺寸上与HSTS的MIM探测器非常相似。我们成功地检测到外差差拍信号f3(=| f2 − f1|)和通过在高取向热解石墨(HOPG)表面处将两个不同的AC信号f1和f2叠加到DC隧穿电流上而经由隧穿电流的互调失真。然后我们利用f3获得了HOPG的局域电子态谱。HSTS可以以高分辨率和宽能量范围(包括太赫兹范围)执行。
Detection of the extremely weak signals in spectroscopy over an extremely wide frequency region is central to diverse sciences, including materials science, biology, astronomy and chemistry. Here we show a new type of atomic-scale spectroscopy, heterodyne scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (HSTS), which is based on the innovative application of the nonlinear heterodyne-mixing detection at the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) heterojunction of STM tip–vacuum–sample. The principle of HSTS is identical to that of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) space telescope in terms of using heterojunction for detecting extremely weak signals by converting from terahertz region to lower frequency regions. The MIM detector of ALMA, which is composed of niobium–titanium–nitride (NbTiN) tip-insulator-NbTiN, is very similar in shape and size to that of HSTS. We successfully detect a heterodyne beat signal f3 (= |f2 − f1|) and intermodulation distortion via tunnelling current by superimposing two different AC signals, f1 and f2, onto the DC tunnelling current at a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. We then obtain spectra of the localized electronic states of HOPG by using f3. HSTS can be performed with a high resolution and over a wide energy range, including the terahertz range.
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