Experimental Characterization of a Butterfly in Climbing Flight
Experimental Characterization of a Butterfly in Climbing Flight
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DOI：
10.2514/1.j055360
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Slegers, Nathan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kang, Chang-kwon;Cranford, Jacob;Slegers, Nathan
使用光学跟踪设备记录了帝王蝶的自由飞行过程，以获得大量连续的襟翼。该系统自动跟踪反射标记，对其进行了修改，以减少额外质量对飞行特性的影响。对9只蝴蝶的75次飞行进行了测量分析，这些蝴蝶的爬升轨迹覆盖了很大范围的爬升速度。拍打频率在9.8赫兹时基本保持不变。峰间扑动幅度变化较大，平均为246.4度。拍打和身体起伏之间的相位偏差平均为89度。身体振动幅度为4.9 mm。使用西奥多森方程和单质量动力学方程进行模拟，得到了与观测数据非常一致的天体运动。波动幅度随拍动幅度的增大而增大，随机翼载荷的增大而减小。蝴蝶的翅膀负荷是昆虫中最低的，这与它们巨大的身体波动幅度是一致的。翼身相位偏移量仅取决于降低的频率，这是非循环力和循环力之间定时的结果。这些结果表明，这种新颖的实验框架可以增加我们对生物飞行和微型扑动机器人开发的理解。
An optical tracking facility was used to record the free flight of the Monarch butterfly for a large number of sequential flaps. The system automatically tracked reflective markers, which were modified to reduce the effects of additional mass on the flight characteristics. Measurements were analyzed over 75 flights of 9 butterflies in a climbing trajectory covering a large range of climbing rates. The flapping frequency remained fairly constant at 9.8 Hz. The peak-to-peak flapping amplitude varied more significantly with an average of 246.4 degrees. The phase offset between flapping and body undulation averaged 89 degrees. The body oscillation amplitude was 4.9 mm. Simulations using Theodorsen's equation coupled with a single mass dynamics equation resulted in a body motion that closely agreed with the observed data. The undulation amplitude increased with the flapping amplitude, but decreased with wing loading. Butterflies have the lowest wing loading among insects, consistent with their large body undulation amplitudes. The wing-body phase offset solely depends on the reduced frequency, a consequence of the timing between the noncirculatory and circulatory forces. These results suggest that this novel experimental framework can increase our understanding of biological flight and development of micro flapping robots.