Heat exposure during outdoor activities in the US varies significantly by city, demography, and activity
Heat exposure during outdoor activities in the US varies significantly by city, demography, and activity
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DOI：
10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.08.014
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发表时间：
2018-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Gerster, Katrina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hoehne, Christopher G.;Hondula, David M.;Gerster, Katrina
在城市中，环境热是一个日益严重的公共卫生问题。城市化和全球气候变化有可能加剧高温，高温已经是人类发病率和死亡率的一个重要环境原因。尽管风险不断增加，但人们对室外城市热暴露的决定因素知之甚少。为了为建立社区和全国范围的极端高温复原力提供额外的证据，我们评估了美国城市室外热暴露如何因城市、人口和活动而变化。我们通过将来自美国时间使用调查（2004-2015）的个人层面数据与美国50个最大的大都市统计区的相应气象数据相结合来估计室外城市热暴露。我们还通过将代谢强度与个人水平的时间使用数据配对来评估活动强度和热暴露的交集。我们建立了人口统计指标与日热暴露之间的经验关系模型，并控制了时空因素。我们发现老年人和低收入个体的室外热暴露较高，而女性、年轻人和黑人的室外热暴露较低。旅行、草坪和花园护理以及娱乐活动是最常见的导致热暴露的户外活动。我们还发现，生活在温度最极端的城市里的人，并不一定有最高的室外热暴露。研究结果揭示了不同城市、不同人口群体和不同活动之间在室外热暴露方面的巨大差异。解决暴露、敏感性、适应能力和行为之间的相互作用作为热健康风险的决定因素，将需要在观测和建模工具方面取得进展，特别是在个体尺度上。
Environmental heat is a growing public health concern in cities. Urbanization and global climate change threaten to exacerbate heat as an already significant environmental cause of human morbidity and mortality. Despite increasing risk, very little is known regarding determinants of outdoor urban heat exposure. To provide additional evidence for building community and national-scale resilience to extreme heat, we assess how US outdoor urban heat exposure varies by city, demography, and activity. We estimate outdoor urban heat exposure by pairing individual-level data from the American Time Use Survey (2004-2015) with corresponding meteorological data for 50 of the largest metropolitan statistical areas in the US. We also assess the intersection of activity intensity and heat exposure by pairing metabolic intensities with individual-level time-use data. We model an empirical relationship between demographic indicators and daily heat exposure with controls for spatiotemporal factors. We find higher outdoor heat exposure among the elderly and low-income individuals, and lower outdoor heat exposure in females, young adults, and those identifying as Black race. Traveling, lawn and garden care, and recreation are the most common outdoor activities to contribute to heat exposure. We also find individuals in cities with the most extreme temperatures do not necessarily have the highest outdoor heat exposure. The findings reveal large contrasts in outdoor heat exposure between different cities, demographic groups, and activities. Resolving the interplay between exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and behavior as determinants of heat-health risk will require advances in observational and modeling tools, especially at the individual scale.