HERV-K(OLD):: Ancestor sequences of the human endogenous retrovirus family HERV-K(HML-2)
HERV-K(OLD):: Ancestor sequences of the human endogenous retrovirus family HERV-K(HML-2)
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DOI：
10.1128/jvi.75.19.8917-8926.2001
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发表时间：
2001-10-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Meese, E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Reus, K;Mayer, J;Meese, E
与人类内源性逆转录病毒 (HERV) 家族 HERV-K(HML-2) 同源的序列存在于所有旧大陆灵长类动物物种中。先前的一项研究表明，与低等旧世界灵长类动物的 gag 基因相比，人科物种的 HERV-K(HML-2) gag 基因的中心区域显示出 96 bp 的缺失。旧世界低等灵长类动物中存在的更古老的 HERV-K(HML-2) 序列在人科动物进化过程中显然不保守，这与缺失变体相反。为了进一步阐明 HERV-K(HML-2) 家族的进化起源，我们利用旧大陆低等灵长类动物的 96 bp gag 序列特征筛选了 GenBank，并迄今为止鉴定了 10 个含有全长或部分删除的原病毒结构的人类序列条目，可能代表了更古老的 HERV-K(HML-2) 变体的残余物。高度突变表明这些 HERV-K(OLD) 原病毒在基因组中长期存在。尽管如此，根据点矩阵和系统发育分析推论，它们仍然属于 HML-2 家族。根据整合 Alu 元件的家族年龄和长末端重复 (LTR) 分歧数据，我们估计 HERV-K(OLD) 原病毒的平均年龄约为 10 岁。 2800万年，支持人科动物与旧大陆低等灵长类动物进化分裂之前的整合时间。对 HERV-K(OLD) LTR 序列的分析导致了两个亚组的区别，其中 LTR 属于进化上较旧的簇。总而言之，我们的数据进一步深入了解了灵长类动物进化过程中 HERV-K(HML-2) 家族的进化史。
Sequences homologous to the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) family HERV-K(HML-2) are present in all Old World primate species. A previous study showed that a central region of the HERV-K(HML-2) gag genes in Hominoidea species displays a 96-bp deletion compared to the gag genes in lower Old World primates. The more ancient HERV-K(HML-2) sequences present in lower Old World primates were apparently not conserved during hominoid evolution, as opposed to the deletion variants. To further clarify the evolutionary origin of the HERV-K(HML-2) family, we screened GenBank with the 96-bp gag-sequence characteristic of lower Old World primates and identified, to date, 10 human sequence entries harboring either full-length or partially deleted proviral structures, probably representing remnants of a more ancient HERV-K(HML-2) variant. The high degree of mutations demonstrates the long-time presence of these HERV-K(OLD) proviruses in the genome. Nevertheless, they still belong to the HML-2 family as deduced from dot matrix and phylogenetic analyses. We estimate, based on the family ages of integrated Alu elements and on long terminal repeat (LTR) divergence data, that the average age of HERV-K(OLD) proviruses is ca. 28 million years, supporting an integration time before the evolutionary split of Hominoidea from lower Old World primates. Analysis of HERV-K(OLD) LTR sequences led to the distinction of two subgroups, bout of which cluster with LTRs belonging to an evolutionarily older cluster. Taken together, our data give further insight into the evolutionary history of the HERV-K(HML-2) family during primate evolution.