Using geographic information systems to assess individual historical exposure to air pollution from traffic and house heating in Stockholm
Using geographic information systems to assess individual historical exposure to air pollution from traffic and house heating in Stockholm
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DOI：
10.2307/3455039
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发表时间：
2001-06-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Järup, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bellander, T;Berglind, N;Järup, L
瑞典斯德哥尔摩的一项以人群为基础的肺癌病例对照研究的一个具体目的是使用排放数据、扩散模型和地理信息系统(GIS)来评估历史上接触环境空气污染的几种成分。为1,042例肺癌病例和2,364例人口控制收集的数据包括从1955年到1990-1995年每个人的居住情况。我们使用重建的氮氧化物(NOx/NO2)和二氧化硫(SO2)排放数据，结合扩散模型，评估了整个研究区域三个时间点(1960、1970和1980)道路交通和供暖产生的污染物的环境空气浓度。1980年的NO2估计与实际测量结果相吻合，但没有独立测量(研究-外部)数据可用于二氧化硫，排除了类似的验证。随后，我们使用线性内推法和外推法得到了1955-1990年所有其他年份的估计数。通过自动和手动程序将11000个单独的地址转换为地理坐标，90%的地址估计误差为100m。最后，我们将年度空气污染估算与年度居住地坐标联系起来，得出了每个人的长期居住地暴露指数。个体长期平均暴露的范围很广，其中NO2的个体间差异是II倍，SO2的差异是18倍。所有研究对象的30年平均水平是来自交通的NO2和来自采暖的SO2分别为20和53。结果表明，地理信息系统可用于环境流行病学研究中的暴露评估，前提是有相关雾期的详细地理相关暴露数据。
A specific aim of a population-based case-control study of lung cancer in Stockholm, Sweden, was to use emission data, dispersion models, and geographic information systems (GIS) to assess historical exposure to several components of ambient air pollution. Data collected for 1,042 lung cancer cases and 2,364 population controls included information on residence from 1955 to the end of follow-up for each individual, 1990-1995. We assessed ambient air concentrations of pollutants from road traffic and heating throughout the study area for three points in time (1960, 1970, and 1980) using reconstructed emission data for the index pollutants nitrogen oxides (NOx/NO2) and sulfur dioxide together with dispersion modeling. NO2 estimates for 1980 compared well with actual measurements, but no independently measured (study-external) data were available for SO2, precluding similar validation. Subsequently, we used linear intra- and extrapolation to obtain estimates for all other years 1955-1990. Eleven thousand individual addresses were transformed into geographic coordinates through automatic and manual procedures, with an estimated error of < 100 m for 90% of the addresses. Finally, we linked annual air pollution estimates to annual residence coordinates, yielding long-term residential exposure indices for each individual. There was a wide range of individual long-term average exposure, with an Ii-fold interindividual difference in NO2 and an 18-fold difference in SO2. The 30-year average for all study subjects was 20 mug/m(3) NO2 from traffic and 53 mug/m(3) SO2 from heating. The results indicate that GIS can be useful for exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology studies, provided that detailed geographically related exposure data are available for relevant rime periods.