Sex chromosome complement and gonadal sex influence aggressive and parental behaviors in mice
Sex chromosome complement and gonadal sex influence aggressive and parental behaviors in mice
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DOI：
10.1523/jneurosci.3743-05.2006
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发表时间：
2006-02-22
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Rissman, EF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gatewood, JD;Wills, A;Rissman, EF
在人类文化和哺乳动物物种中，攻击性和父母养育行为的表达存在性别差异：男性通常比女性更具攻击性，但父母性行为更少。这些性别差异主要归因于发育和/或成年期间类固醇激素的差异，尤其是男性经历的较高水平的雄激素，这最终是由 Y 染色体上睾丸决定基因 Sry 的存在引起的。由于雄性和雌性细胞中性别相关基因的不同互补而引起的性别差异的可能性很少受到研究关注。为了直接检验社会行为受 Sry 以外的性染色体补体差异影响的假设，我们使用了性腺性别和性染色体补体不偶联的转基因小鼠模型。我们发现，表现出攻击性的潜伏期和一种亲本行为（即幼崽回收）可能受到性腺性别和性染色体补体的影响。对于这两种行为，具有 XX 性染色体的女性（而非男性）与 XY 不同。我们还测量了侧隔膜中的加压素免疫反应性，性腺男性的抗利尿激素免疫反应性高于女性，但也因性染色体补体而异。这些结果意味着性染色体上的基因（Sry 除外）会影响大脑和行为的性别差异。识别所涉及的特定 X 和/或 Y 基因将增加我们对正常和异常攻击行为以及父母行为（包括与精神疾病相关的行为异常）的理解。
Across human cultures and mammalian species, sex differences can be found in the expression of aggression and parental nurturing behaviors: males are typically more aggressive and less parental than females. These sex differences are primarily attributed to steroid hormone differences during development and/or adulthood, especially the higher levels of androgens experienced by males, which are caused ultimately by the presence of the testis-determining gene Sry on the Y chromosome. The potential for sex differences arising from the different complements of sex-linked genes in male and female cells has received little research attention. To directly test the hypothesis that social behaviors are influenced by differences in sex chromosome complement other than Sry, we used a transgenic mouse model in which gonadal sex and sex chromosome complement are uncoupled. We find that latency to exhibit aggression and one form of parental behavior, pup retrieval, can be influenced by both gonadal sex and sex chromosome complement. For both behaviors, females but not males with XX sex chromosomes differ from XY. We also measured vasopressin immunoreactivity in the lateral septum, which was higher in gonadal males than females, but also differed according to sex chromosome complement. These results imply that a gene(s) on the sex chromosomes ( other than Sry) affects sex differences in brain and behavior. Identifying the specific X and/or Y genes involved will increase our understanding of normal and abnormal aggression and parental behavior, including behavioral abnormalities associated with mental illness.