Employment creation in EU related to renewables expansion
Employment creation in EU related to renewables expansion
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DOI：
10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.032
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发表时间：
2018-11-15
期刊：
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
Paroussos, Leonidas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fragkos, Panagiotis;Paroussos, Leonidas
可再生能源的发展是欧盟能源和气候政策框架的一个关键要素，因为它有助于减少温室气体和改善能源安全，同时也可以创造就业机会。关于这些就业影响的量化问题一直存在激烈的辩论。大多数研究侧重于估计总的就业影响，而忽略了不同部门之间的影响，而它们通常使用汇总数据和部门分类。本文结合就业因素方法和一般均衡分析，研究了欧盟能源部门向可再生能源（RES）转型的净就业影响。详细的，最新的数据在一个非常细分的水平被用来比较劳动强度的可再生能源相对于化石燃料，并评估最近的清洁能源一揽子建议的就业影响。据估计，可再生能源技术平均而言劳动密集程度更高，相对于化石燃料而言，国内就业内容更高。低碳转型将导致能源部门净创造20万个直接就业机会。到2050年，可再生能源直接就业岗位约占欧盟劳动力的1%，主要是在太阳能光伏发电、先进生物燃料的供应和生产以及风力涡轮机的制造和安装方面创造的。相反，传统能源供应部门，特别是煤炭开采（劳动密集型活动）、炼油厂和加油站的就业机会将被淘汰。整个经济的一般均衡模型证实了可再生能源扩张对就业的积极影响，并表明到2050年，低碳转型将导致欧盟1.3%的劳动力在各部门之间重新分配。
Expansion of renewable energy is a key element in the EU Energy and Climate policy framework, as is contributes to Greenhouse Gas reduction and improved energy security, while they can also create employment opportunities. There has been an intense debate on the quantification of these employment effects. Most studies have focused on estimating gross employment impacts and ignored the effects between different sectors, while they commonly use aggregate data and sectoral classification. This paper investigates the net employment impacts from the projected transformation of the EU energy sector towards Renewable Energy Sources (RES), by combining the employment factor approach and general equilibrium analysis. Detailed, up-to-date data at a very disaggregated level are used to compare the labour intensities of RES relative to fossil fuels and assess the employment impacts of the recent Clean Energy Package proposals. RES technologies are estimated to be on average more labour intensive and have a higher domestic job content relative to fossil fuels. The low-carbon transition would lead to the net creation of 200,000 direct jobs in energy sectors. Direct RES jobs represent about 1% of the EU workforce in 2050 and are mostly created in the construction of solar photovoltaics, the supply and production of advanced biofuels and in the manufacturing and installation of wind turbines. In contrast, employment would be eliminated in conventional energy supply sectors, especially in coal mining (which is a labour intensive activity), refineries and refuelling stations. The economy-wide general equilibrium modelling confirms the positive employment impacts of RES expansion and shows that the low-carbon transition would lead to the reallocation of 1.3% of the EU's workforce across sectors by 2050.