"May I Buy a Pack of Marlboros, Please?" A Systematic Review of Evidence to Improve the Validity and Impact of Youth Undercover Buy Inspections.
"May I Buy a Pack of Marlboros, Please?" A Systematic Review of Evidence to Improve the Validity and Impact of Youth Undercover Buy Inspections.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0153152
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Goldstein AO
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lee JG;Gregory KR;Baker HM;Ranney LM;Goldstein AO
大多数吸烟者在合法购买烟草产品之前就对这些产品上瘾了。我们系统地回顾了文献的协议，以评估未成年人购买及其生态有效性。我们于2015年5月在PubMed和PsycINFO中进行了系统检索。我们独立地筛选了记录。我们进行了叙述性回顾，并研究了两种类型的法律的权威的协议，在美国未成年人购买执法的影响：刑事（州一级的法律，禁止销售给青少年）和行政（联邦法规，禁止销售给青少年）。10项研究对未成年人购买协议进行了实验性评估，44项研究评估了青少年特征与烟草销售之间的关联。模仿现实世界中年轻人行为的协议始终与向年轻人销售的可能性大幅增加有关。许多测试的协议似乎是为了遵守刑法，而不是行政执法的方式，限制生态有效性。这可能是出于对诱捕的担忧。特别是对于行政执法，诱捕可能不像通常认为的那样是一个问题。常用的未成年人购买协议很难反映青年人从零售商那里获得烟草的现实。合规检查计划应该让年轻人自然地展示自己，并试图与社区的人口构成相匹配。
Most smokers become addicted to tobacco products before they are legally able to purchase these products. We systematically reviewed the literature on protocols to assess underage purchase and their ecological validity. We conducted a systematic search in May 2015 in PubMed and PsycINFO. We independently screened records for inclusion. We conducted a narrative review and examined implications of two types of legal authority for protocols that govern underage buy enforcement in the United States: criminal (state-level laws prohibiting sales to youth) and administrative (federal regulations prohibiting sales to youth). Ten studies experimentally assessed underage buy protocols and 44 studies assessed the association between youth characteristics and tobacco sales. Protocols that mimicked real-world youth behaviors were consistently associated with substantially greater likelihood of a sale to a youth. Many of the tested protocols appear to be designed for compliance with criminal law rather than administrative enforcement in ways that limited ecological validity. This may be due to concerns about entrapment. For administrative enforcement in particular, entrapment may be less of an issue than commonly thought. Commonly used underage buy protocols poorly represent the reality of youths' access to tobacco from retailers. Compliance check programs should allow youth to present themselves naturally and attempt to match the community’s demographic makeup.