Cerebral maturation in adolescence : behavioral vulnerability
Cerebral maturation in adolescence : behavioral vulnerability
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DOI：
10.1016/s0013-7006(09)73469-4
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发表时间：
2009-12-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Korelitz, Katherine E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ernst, M.;Korelitz, Katherine E.
最近的神经发育研究一直集中在青春期到成年期的过渡时期。长期以来，人们意识到这一过渡时期在发病率和死亡率方面的高成本，以及允许直接检查人类大脑功能的研究工具的出现，激发了人们日益增长的兴趣。人们认为，成年的代价是伴随青春期成长而来的典型行为和环境变化。本综述描述了当前的研究如何帮助制定可用于指导未来工作的神经生物学模型。这种模型的一个例子，三联神经系统模型[8]，将被更详细地研究。这项审查将分三个阶段进行。首先，我们将展示神经发育是如何从数量和质量上跨大脑区域、神经化学和分子系统异构的成熟变化的汇合中产生的。这种规范性的发展异质性转化为典型的青少年行为模式，包括冒险、追求新奇、情绪强度和不稳定性，以及同伴群体社会优先[5,9]。第二，基于动机行为可以被分解为接近、回避和控制三个核心模块的概念，这三个核心实体平衡的任何改变都会以独特的方式影响行为。该公式将作为本综述中提出的神经系统模型框架的基础。第三，功能性神经成像正被用于检查神经系统如何在神经系统模型中支撑这种平衡。我们将对这一领域的研究现状进行总结。最后，我们将展示这项研究对理解正常发育和精神病理的重要性。尽管遗传或环境因素在决定和调节三合一模型节点之间的平衡方面起着关键作用，但它们的作用在这里将不讨论。
Recent neurodevelopmental research has been focusing on the transition period of adolescence into adulthood. This growing interest was spurred by the long-standing realization of the high cost of this transition period in terms of morbidity and mortality, and the emergence of research toots that permit direct examination of brain function in humans. The cost of reaching adulthood is understood as resulting from the typical behavioral and environmental changes that accompany adolescence [4].The present review describes how the current research helps formulate neurobiological models that can be used to guide future work. One example of such a model, the triadic neural systems model [8], will be examined in more detail. This review wilt proceed in three stages.First, we will show how neural development results from the confluence of maturational changes that are quantitatively and qualitatively heterogeneous across brain regions, neurochemical and molecular systems. This normative developmental heterogeneity is translated into typical adolescent behavioral patterns, including risk-taking, novelty-seeking, emotional intensity and lability, and peer-group social primacy [5, 9].Second, based on the notion that motivated behavior can be operationally decomposed into the three core modules of approach, avoidance and control, any alteration in the balance of these three core entities can affect behavior in unique ways. This formulation will serve as the foundation of the neural systems model framework proposed in this review.Third, functional neuroimaging is being used to examine how neural systems underlie this balance within the neural systems model. We wilt provide a summary of the state of research in this area. Finally, we will show how this research is important for understanding not only normal development, but also the psychopathology. The rote of genetic or environmental factors will not be addressed here, despite their critical roles in determining and modulating the balance among the nodes of the triadic model.