Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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DOI：
10.1038/nrdp.2015.20
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发表时间：
2015-08-06
影响因子：
81.5
通讯作者：
Franke, Barbara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Faraone, Stephen V.;Asherson, Philip;Franke, Barbara
注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)是一种持续性神经发育障碍，全球5%的儿童和青少年和2.5%的成年人受到影响。在一个人的一生中，ADHD可能会增加其他精神疾病、教育和职业失败、事故、犯罪、社会残疾和成瘾的风险。没有任何单一的危险因素是导致ADHD的必要条件或充分条件。在大多数情况下，ADHD由几个遗传和环境风险因素引起，每个因素都有很小的单独影响，共同作用增加易感性。ADHD的多因素病因与该疾病的异质性是一致的，表现为广泛的精神共病，其多个神经认知障碍领域，以及与其相关的广泛的结构和功能异常。如果以精神障碍的标准进行评估，ADHD的诊断是可靠和有效的。评价表和临床访谈有助于诊断和辅助筛查。症状的表现随着患者的发展阶段以及社会和学术背景的不同而不同。虽然目前还没有治愈ADHD的方法，但循证治疗可以显著减少其症状和相关的损害。例如，药物是有效的，通常耐受性很好，各种非药理学方法也很有价值。正在进行的临床和神经生物学研究有望推进ADHD的诊断和治疗方法。有关本初级读本的图文并茂的摘要，
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a persistent neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 5% of children and adolescents and 2.5% of adults worldwide. Throughout an individual's lifetime, ADHD can increase the risk of other psychiatric disorders, educational and occupational failure, accidents, criminality, social disability and addictions. No single risk factor is necessary or sufficient to cause ADHD. In most cases ADHD arises from several genetic and environmental risk factors that each have a small individual effect and act together to increase susceptibility. The multifactorial causation of ADHD is consistent with the heterogeneity of the disorder, which is shown by its extensive psychiatric co-morbidity, its multiple domains of neurocognitive impairment and the wide range of structural and functional brain anomalies associated with it. The diagnosis of ADHD is reliable and valid when evaluated with standard criteria for psychiatric disorders. Rating scales and clinical interviews facilitate diagnosis and aid screening. The expression of symptoms varies as a function of patient developmental stage and social and academic contexts. Although there are no curative treatments for ADHD, evidenced-based treatments can markedly reduce its symptoms and associated impairments. For example, medications are efficacious and normally well tolerated, and various non-pharmacological approaches are also valuable. Ongoing clinical and neurobiological research holds the promise of advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to ADHD. For an illustrated summary of this Primer,