Childhood Self-Control and Adult Outcomes: Results From a 30-Year Longitudinal Study
Childhood Self-Control and Adult Outcomes: Results From a 30-Year Longitudinal Study
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jaac.2013.04.008
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发表时间：
2013-07-01
影响因子：
13.3
通讯作者：
Horwood, L. John
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fergusson, David M.;Boden, Joseph M.;Horwood, L. John
目的：Moffitt等人的一项研究报告了儿童自我控制与成人结局之间的普遍关联。目前的研究试图重复Moffitt等人的研究结果，并对这些结果进行了调整，以适应儿童行为问题的混杂影响。方法：数据收集自克赖斯特彻奇健康与发展研究，这是一项纵向出生队列研究，研究年龄为30岁。在6至12岁期间的自我控制测量与Moffitt等人类似，使用父母，老师和自我报告的方法。到30岁的结果测量包括犯罪、药物使用、教育/就业、性行为和心理健康。自我控制与结果之间的关联被调整为可能受性别、社会经济地位（SES）、智商和儿童行为问题（6-10岁）的混淆。结果：证实Moffitt等人的发现，除重度抑郁外，所有结果都与儿童自我控制显著相关（p < 0.05）。性别、社会经济地位和智商的调整在一定程度上降低了这种关联的程度。然而，儿童行为障碍的调整进一步降低了许多这些关联的程度，14个结果中只有4个与自我控制相关（p < 0.05）。在对性别、社会经济地位、智商和行为问题进行调整后，自控能力得分较高的个体暴力犯罪和福利依赖的几率较低，获得大学学位的可能性更大，收入水平也更高。结论：这项研究的结果表明，观察到的童年自我控制与成年后的结果之间的联系，在很大程度上可以用童年行为问题、社会经济地位、智商和性别的相关效应来解释。
Objective: A study by Moffitt et al. reported pervasive associations between childhood selfcontrol and adult outcomes. The current study attempts to replicate the findings reported by Moffitt et al., adjusting these results for the confounding influence of childhood conduct problems. Method: Data were gathered from the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a longitudinal birth cohort studied to age 30 years. Self-control during ages 6 to 12 years was measured analogously to that in Moffitt et al., using parent-, teacher-, and self-report methods. Outcome measures to age 30 included criminal offending, substance use, education/employment, sexual behavior, and mental health. Associations between self-control and outcomes were adjusted for possible confounding by gender, socioeconomic status (SES), IQ, and childhood conduct problems (ages 6-10). Results: In confirmation of the findings of Moffitt et al., all outcomes except major depression were significantly (p < .05) associated with childhood self-control. Adjustment for gender, SES, and IQ reduced to some extent the magnitude of the associations. However, adjustment for childhood conduct disorder further reduced the magnitude of many of these associations, with only 4 of the 14 outcomes remaining statistically significantly (p < .05) associated with self-control. After adjustment for gender, SES, IQ, and conduct problems, those individuals who scored higher in self-control had lower odds of violent offending and welfare dependence, were more likely to have obtained a university degree, and had higher income levels. Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that observed linkages between a measure of childhood self-control and outcomes in adulthood were largely explained by the correlated effects of childhood conduct problems, SES, IQ, and gender.