Changing gender differences in commuting in the Tokyo metropolitan suburbs
Changing gender differences in commuting in the Tokyo metropolitan suburbs
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DOI：
10.1007/s10708-004-3679-2
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发表时间：
2004-11
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Masaki Kawase
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Masaki Kawase
关于城市通勤活动的性别差异，已在各个英语国家开展了与性别地理相关的研究。这些研究注意到，女性的平均通勤距离往往比男性短（Madden, 1981; Fox, 1983; Hanson, 1985），他们指的是家庭相关因素的重要性。Blumen（1994）对已婚妇女通勤距离较短的解释是，她们的“双重角色”是由于家庭责任和从事有偿工作的结合而产生的。Ericksen（1977）认为，最小子女的年龄和婚姻状况是解释通勤距离性别差异的重要因素。Hanson and Pratt（1988）指出男性倾向于在选择了就业地点之后再决定居住地，而女性则倾向于在选择了就业地点之后再选择居住地。Hanson and Pratt（1991）强调夫妻在家庭中的权力关系、社会生活中的性别差异、求职活动中的性别差异是导致职场选择中性别差异的关键因素。许多研究报告了日本通勤的性别差异。Kawaguchi（1992）表明，大都市地区就业的郊区化导致劳动力结构的变化，特别是妇女进入劳动力市场的趋势。关于都市女性的通勤活动的研究指出了家庭相关因素的重要性。Kawase（1997,1999）研究了大都市郊区的住宅区，注意到已婚人士通勤活动的性别差异。大多数研究只涉及已婚男女，并通过丈夫和妻子在家庭中的性别角色来解释妇女通勤距离较短的原因。很少有研究涉及儿子和女儿之间具体的通勤差异。Aritome和Ogata（1997）指出，年轻女性的平均通勤距离与年轻男性一样长，甚至更长。但他们并没有澄清这些因素
Studies concerning gender differences in commuting activities in cities have been carried out as related to gender geography in the various English-speaking countries. These studies have noted that the average commuting distance for women tends to be shorter than for men (Madden, 1981; Fox, 1983; Hanson, 1985), and they refer to the importance of household related factors. Blumen (1994) explains the shorter commuting distances of married women by their" dual roles" resulting from the combination of household responsi-bilities and engagement in paid work. According to Ericksen (1977) the age of the youngest child and marital status are important factors in the explanation of gender differences in commuting distances. Hanson and Pratt (1988) pointed out that men tend to decide the location of their home after selecting the place of employment, while women tend to select their place of employment after selecting the location of their homes. Hanson and Pratt (1991) emphasized that power relations between husband and wife in the family, gender differences in social life and gender differences in job-searching activities are key factors that cause gender differences in workplace selection. A number of studies report on gender differences in commuting in Japan. Kawaguchi (1992) has shown that the suburbanization of employment in metropolitan areas causes changes in labor force structure and, in particular, in the tendency for women to enter the labor market. Studies that mention commuting activities of women in metropolitan areas have pointed out the importance of household-related factors. Kawase (1997, 1999) has examined residential areas in metropolitan suburbs, noting gender differences in commuting activities of married persons.Most studies refer to married men and women only and explain the shorter commuting distances of women by the gender roles of husbands and wives within families. Few studies deal with the specific commuting dif-ferences between sons and daughters. Aritome and Ogata (1997) point out that the average commuting distance of young women is as long as or even longer than of young men. But they do not clarify the factors