Physics of thin films

Physics of thin films
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DOI:
10.1063/1.2995558
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发表时间:
1977-12
期刊:
影响因子:
1.9
通讯作者:
L. Eckertová
L. Eckertová
中科院分区:
工程技术4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
L. Eckertová

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1. 介绍。- 2。薄膜的制备方法。- 2.1化学和电化学方法。- 2.2阴极溅射。- 2.2.1二极管溅射原理。- 2.2.2阴极溅射的一些特殊系统。- 2.2.3阴极溅射低压法。- 2.3真空蒸发。—2.3.1物理基础。- 2.3.2实验技术。- 2.3.21蒸发装置。- 2.3.22底物及其制备。- 2.3.23最重要的蒸发材料。—2.3.24蒸发源。- 2.3.25特殊蒸发技术。—2.3.26 Masking Techniques。- 3。薄膜厚度和沉积速率测量方法。- 3.1平衡方法。- 3.1.1微平衡法。- 3.1.2振动石英法。- 3.2电气方法。—3.2.1电阻率测量。- 3.2.2电容测量。- 3.2.3 q因子变化的测量。- 3.2.4电离方法。—3.3光学方法。- 3.3.1基于光吸收系数测量的方法。- 3.3.2干扰方法。- 3.3.3偏振(椭偏)法。- 3.4利用动量转移监测沉积速率。- 3.5特殊厚度监测方法。—3.5.1手写笔法。- 3.5.2辐射吸收和辐射发射方法。—3.5.3工作职能变更方法。- 4。成膜机理。- 4.1薄膜的形成阶段。- 4.2成核。- 4.2.1成核的毛细理论。- 4.2.2成核的统计(原子)理论。- 4.2.3个别因素对成核过程的影响。- 4.2.4一些验证成核理论的实验。- 4.3岛屿的生长和合并。- 4.4各种因素对薄膜最终结构的影响。- 4.4.1阴极溅射沉积薄膜的特殊性能。- 4.5薄膜的晶体结构。- 4.6外延薄膜。- 5所示。薄膜的组成、形态和结构。- 5.1薄膜化学成分的测定方法。- 5.2薄膜电子显微镜。- 5.2.1透射电子显微镜。- 5.2.2用复刻法对表面进行电子显微镜检查。- 5.2.3用于薄膜表面直接成像的特殊类型电子显微镜。- 5.2.31扫描显微镜。- 5.2.32反射显微镜。- 5.2.33发射显微镜。- 5.2.4隧道发射和场电离。- 5.2.41场电子显微镜。- 5.2.42场离子显微镜。- 5.3电子衍射。5.3.1高能电子在透射和反射中的衍射。- 5.3.2低能电子衍射(LEED)。- 5.4 x射线方法。- 5.4.1 x射线衍射。- 5.4.2 x射线显微镜。- 5.5俄歇光谱。- 6所示。薄膜的性质。- 6.1机械性能。- 6.1.1测量薄膜机械性能的实验方法。- 6.1.2薄膜中的应力。- 6.1.3薄膜的力学常数。- 6.1.4薄膜的附着力。- 6.1.5瑞利面波。- 6.2薄膜的电磁性能。- 6.2.1连续金属膜的导电性。- 6.2.2不连续金属膜的导电性。- 6.2.3半导体薄膜的电性能。- 6.2.4薄膜中的磁效应。- 6.2.5薄膜中的超导性。- 6.2.6介质薄膜的导电性。- 6.2.7薄膜的介电特性。- 6.2.8薄膜的铁磁特性。- 6.3薄膜的光学特性。- 7所示。本影片之应用。—7.1光应用。- 7.2电子领域的应用。- 7.2.1电触点、连接件和电阻。- 7.2.2电容器和电感。- 7.2.3铁磁和超导薄膜的应用。- 7.2.4有源电子元件。- 7.2.5使用表面波的微声学元件。—7.2.6集成电路。- 7.2.7光电子学和集成光学中的薄膜。- 7.2.8进一步应用。——引用。
1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Preparation of Thin Films.- 2.1 Chemical and Electrochemical Methods.- 2.2 Cathode Sputtering.- 2.2.1 Principle of Diode Sputtering.- 2.2.2 Some Special Systems of Cathode Sputtering.- 2.2.3 Low-Pressure Methods of Cathode Sputtering.- 2.3 Vacuum Evaporation.- 2.3.1 Physical Foundations.- 2.3.2 Experimental Techniques.- 2.3.21 Evaporation Apparatus.- 2.3.22 Substrates and Their Preparation.- 2.3.23 The Most Important Materials for Evaporation.- 2.3.24 Evaporation Sources.- 2.3.25 Special Evaporation Techniques.- 2.3.26 Masking Techniques.- 3. Thin Film Thickness and Deposition Rate Measurement Methods.- 3.1 Balance Methods.- 3.1.1 Microbalance Method.- 3.1.2 Vibrating Quartz Method.- 3.2 Electrical Methods.- 3.2.1 Electric Resistivity Measurement.- 3.2.2 Measurement of Capacitance.- 3.2.3 Measurement of Q-factor Change.- 3.2.4 Ionization Methods.- 3.3 Optical Methods.- 3.3.1 Method Based on Measurements of Light Absorption Coefficient.- 3.3.2 Interference Methods.- 3.3.3 Polarimetric (Ellipsometric) Method.- 3.4 Deposition Rate Monitoring Using Transfer of Momentum.- 3.5 Special Thickness Monitoring Methods.- 3.5.1 Stylus Method.- 3.5.2 Radiation-absorption and Radiation-emission Methods.- 3.5.3 Work-function Change Method.- 4. Mechanism of Film Formation.- 4.1 Formation Stages of Thin Films.- 4.2 Nucleation.- 4.2.1 Capillarity Theory of Nucleation.- 4.2.2 Statistical (Atomistic) Theory of Nucleation.- 4.2.3 Influence of Individual Factors on Nucleation Process.- 4.2.4 Some Experiments for Verification of Nucleation Theories.- 4.3 Growth and Coalescence of Islands.- 4.4 Influence of Various Factors on Final Structure of Film.- 4.4.1 Special Properties of Films Deposited by Cathode Sputtering.- 4.5 Crystallographic Structure of Thin Films.- 4.6 Epitaxial Films.- 5. Composition, Morphology and Structure of Thin Films.- 5.1 Methods for Determination of Chemical Composition of Films.- 5.2 Electron Microscopy of Thin Films.- 5.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy.- 5.2.2 Electron-microscopic Examination of Surface by Replica Method.- 5.2.3 Special Types of Electron Microscopes for Direct Image-forming of Film Surface.- 5.2.31 Scanning Microscope.- 5.2.32 Reflection Microscope.- 5.2.33 Emission Microscopes.- 5.2.4 Tunnel Emission and Field Ionization.- 5.2.41 Field Electron Microscope.- 5.2.42 Field Ion Microscope.- 5.3 Diffraction of Electrons.- 5.3.1 Diffraction of High-Energy Electrons in Transmission and in Reflection.- 5.3.2 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED).- 5.4 X-ray Methods.- 5.4.1 X-ray Diffraction.- 5.4.2 X-ray Microscopy.- 5.5 Auger Spectroscopy.- 6. Properties of Thin Films.- 6.1 Mechanical Properties.- 6.1.1 Experimental Methods for Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Thin Films.- 6.1.2 Stress in Thin Films.- 6.1.3 Mechanical Constants of Thin Films.- 6.1.4 Adhesion of Thin Films.- 6.1.5 Rayleigh Surface Waves.- 6.2 Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Thin Films.- 6.2.1 Conductivity of Continuous Metal Films.- 6.2.2 Conductivity of Discontinuous Metal Films.- 6.2.3 Electrical Properties of Semiconducting Thin Films.- 6.2.4 Galvanomagnetic Effects in Thin Films.- 6.2.5 Superconductivity in Thin Films.- 6.2.6 Conductivity of Thin Dielectric Films.- 6.2.7 Dielectric Properties of Thin Films.- 6.2.8 Ferromagnetic Properties of Thin Films.- 6.3 Optical Properties of Thin Films.- 7. Application of This Films.- 7.1 Optical Applications.- 7.2 Applications in Electronics.- 7.2.1 Electric Contacts, Connections and Resistors.- 7.2.2 Capacitors and Inductances.- 7.2.3 Applications of Ferromagnetic and Superconducting Films.- 7.2.4 Active Electronic Elements.- 7.2.5 Microacoustic Elements Using Surface Waves.- 7.2.6 Integrated Circuits (IC).- 7.2.7 Thin Films in Optoelectronics and Integrated Optics.- 7.2.8 Further Applications.- References.