Design and performance of a 35-ton liquid argon time projection chamber as a prototype for future very large detectors
Design and performance of a 35-ton liquid argon time projection chamber as a prototype for future very large detectors
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DOI：
10.1088/1748-0221/15/03/p03035
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发表时间：
2019-12
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
D. Adams;M. Baird;G. Barr;N. Barros;A. Blake;E. Blaufuss;A. Booth;D. Brailsford;N. Buchanan-N.-Buchan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Adams;M. Baird;G. Barr;N. Barros;A. Blake;E. Blaufuss;A. Booth;D. Brailsford;N. Buchanan-N.-Buchan
液氩时间投影室技术对于大型中微子探测器来说是一个有吸引力的选择，因为它提供了高分辨率的主动目标，并且有望扩展到非常大的质量。因此，它被选为 DUNE 远距离探测器第一个模块的技术。然而，下一代中微子振荡实验的“远探测器”所需的基准质量远远超出了迄今为止所证明的质量。规模扩大以及地下施工的要求给设计带来了许多额外的限制。费米国家加速器实验室建造了一个 35 吨级低温恒温器原型，用于测试预计用于超大型远距离探测器的组件的功能。第一阶段运行于 2014 年初完成，证明液氩可以在膜低温恒温器中保持足够的纯度。第二阶段运行安装了时间投影室，该阶段于 2016 年 2 月和 3 月收集数据。第二阶段运行是对带有缠绕线、冷读出电子设备和集成光子检测系统的模块化阳极平面组件进行测试。虽然设计细节与 DUNE 远距离探测器所选择的细节并不完全匹配，但 35 吨重的 TPC 原型展示了基本组件的功能。使用第二阶段数据进行测量，以提取信号和噪声特征并对齐探测器组件。提出了电子寿命的测量方法，并描述了一种基于脉冲特性测量轨道位置的新技术。
Liquid argon time projection chamber technology is an attractive choice for large neutrino detectors, as it provides a high-resolution active target and it is expected to be scalable to very large masses. Consequently, it has been chosen as the technology for the first module of the DUNE far detector. However, the fiducial mass required for “far detectors” of the next generation of neutrino oscillation experiments far exceeds what has been demonstrated so far. Scaling to this larger mass, as well as the requirement for underground construction places a number of additional constraints on the design. A prototype 35-ton cryostat was built at Fermi National Acccelerator Laboratory to test the functionality of the components foreseen to be used in a very large far detector. The Phase I run, completed in early 2014, demonstrated that liquid argon could be maintained at sufficient purity in a membrane cryostat. A time projection chamber was installed for the Phase II run, which collected data in February and March of 2016. The Phase II run was a test of the modular anode plane assemblies with wrapped wires, cold readout electronics, and integrated photon detection systems. While the details of the design do not match exactly those chosen for the DUNE far detector, the 35-ton TPC prototype is a demonstration of the functionality of the basic components. Measurements are performed using the Phase II data to extract signal and noise characteristics and to align the detector components. A measurement of the electron lifetime is presented, and a novel technique for measuring a track's position based on pulse properties is described.