Grizzly Bear - Man Relationships in Yellowstone National Park
Grizzly Bear - Man Relationships in Yellowstone National Park
复制标题
黄石国家公园的灰熊与人类的关系
DOI：
10.2307/1295811
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发表时间：
1971
期刊：
影响因子：
10.1
通讯作者：
F. Craighead
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Craighead;F. Craighead
灰熊（Ursus arctos horribilis）是一种聪明、效率极高的杂食动物，也是一种效率相对较低的食肉动物。这种大熊以草、莎草、块茎、浆果、坚果、腐肉、肉类储藏、啮齿动物、大型猎物、牲畜、垃圾，甚至现代包装食品为食。灰熊对各种食物的追求和利用使其与人类频繁接触，这种杂食性灰熊与杂食性人类的关系，以及食肉性熊与食肉性人类的竞争关系，已经并将继续导致对抗、财产损失，以及偶尔的冲突和伤害。灰熊有着悠久的历史，它寻找和获取它想要的食物，几乎没有阻力。灰熊和人类的不稳定、侵略性和经常不可预测的行为增加了冲突的可能性。对抗和伤害人类的机会很小，但在国家公园比其他地方更大。要了解黄石国家公园里灰熊和人的关系，我们首先必须认识到，熊和人的生态一直是重叠的。在最近的地质时期，无论灰熊在哪里存在，它都是北美食物金字塔的顶端或附近。北美印第安人和灰熊在一个宽敞的环境中共存。我们希望探讨的两个问题是，灰熊和现代人能否在我们大型国家公园拥挤的环境中共存？具体来说，人类和灰熊能在黄石公园生活在一起吗？第二，如果它们可以共存，人类应该如何实现这一点？这两个问题需要的不仅仅是理论或哲学上的答案、动物行为学上的推断、行政命令或一般性的指导方针。12年前，我们、我们的同事和我们的研究生试图回答这些问题，当时我们开始对19,943平方公里（7700英里）国家公园和邻近的国家森林内的灰熊进行长期研究（Craighead等人，1960年）。自1959年以来，我们已经捕获，检查和释放了550多只灰熊，固定并单独标记了256只灰熊，并记录了超过40，000个工时的观察和记录它们的活动和行为。此外，24只灰熊被安装了无线电，并被无线电监测了大约30,000小时，以获得关于运动、家域、食物习惯、社会和栖息行为的数据，以及对熊人关系的理解（Craighead and Craighead，1965，1969，1970）。
The grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, is an intelligent, extremely efficient omnivore and a relatively inefficient carnivore. This large bear feeds on grasses, sedges, tubers, berries, nuts, carrion, meat caches, rodents, big game, livestock, garbage, and even modem packaged foods. The propensity to seek and utilize a wide range of edibles has brought the grizzly into frequent contact with man. This ecological relationship of the omnivorous grizzly associating with omnivorous man and the predatory bear competing with the predatory human has led and will continue to lead to confrontations, property damage, and occasional conflict and injury. The grizzly has a long history of seeking and taking the food it wants with little opposition. The erratic, aggressive, and frequently unpredictable behavior of both grizzly and man increases the probability of conflict. The opportunity for confrontation and for injury to humans is small, but it is greater in national parks than elsewhere. To understand grizzly bear-man relationships in Yellowstone National Park, we must first recognize that the ecology of bear and man has always overlapped. Within recent geological time, wherever the species existed, the grizzly bear was at or near the top of the North American food pyramid. The North American Indian and the grizzly bear coexisted in a spacious environment. Two questions we wish to explore are can the grizzly bear and modern man co-exist in the congested environments of our large national parks? Specifically, can man and grizzly live together in Yellowstone? Secondly, if they can co-exist, how should man achieve this? Both questions require more than theoretical or philosophical answers, ethological extrapolation, administrative decrees, or generalized guidelines. We, our colleagues, and our graduate students sought to answer these questions 12 years ago when we began a long-term study of the grizzly bear within the 19,943 km2 (7700 miles2) National Park and adjacent national forests (Craighead et al., 1960). Since 1959, we have captured, examined, and released over 550 grizzlies, immobilized and individually color-marked 256 and logged over 40,000 man-hours observing and recording their activities and behavior. In addition, 24 individual grizzlies have been fitted with radios and radio-monitored for approximately 30,000 hours in order to obtain data on movements, home ranges, food habits, social and denning behavior, and an understanding of bear-man relationships (Craighead and Craighead, 1965, 1969, 1970).