Marine CO2 Patterns in the Northern Salish Sea
Marine CO2 Patterns in the Northern Salish Sea
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DOI：
10.3389/fmars.2018.00536
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发表时间：
2019-01-15
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Feely, Richard A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Evans, Wiley;Pocock, Katie;Feely, Richard A.
海洋二氧化碳（CO2）系统数据已于2014年12月至2018年6月在北方萨利希海（NSS;加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省）收集，包括两个站点的连续测量以及空间和季节分布的离散海水样本。一系列二氧化碳观测活动包括分别在Hakai研究所的Quadra岛野外站和加拿大环境部的一个气象浮标上进行的高分辨率二氧化碳分压（pCO（2））和pHT（总尺度）测量，以及在一些实地活动中获得的pCO（2）和总溶解无机碳（TCO 2）的离散海水测量。NSS碱度和盐度之间的关系与离散的数据集，并与连续测量，以高度解决海洋CO2系统。总的来说，这些数据集提供了对这个历史上采样不足的地区的季节性的深入了解，并详细说明了该地区文石饱和状态（Omega（arag））处于非腐蚀性水平（即，Omega（arag）> 1）仅在春季和夏季的上层水柱中。这一深度带和缓解时间段可以被强烈的西北风周期性地中断，这些西北风在整个地区驱动短暂（类似于1周）的高pCO（2），低pH值和低Omega（arag）条件。夏季条件的年际变化是明显的，并与西北风减少和分层增加。NSS地表水中的人为CO2是使用2017年的数据结合1765年至2100年期间的全球大气CO2强迫来估计的，预计2018年的平均值为49 +/- 5 mmol kg（-1）。人为CO2的估计趋势被进一步用于评估NSS地表水中Omega（arag）和pH（T）水平的演变，并显示冬季腐蚀性Omega（arag）条件可能在1900年之前不存在。一年中花费在Omega（arag）= 1以上的百分比从1900年的98%下降到2018年的60%。在未来的几十年里，冬季pH值（T）和春季和夏季欧米茄（arag）预计将下降到低于选定的脆弱物种的生物阈值。
Marine carbon dioxide (CO2) system data has been collected from December 2014 to June 2018 in the Northern Salish Sea (NSS; British Columbia, Canada) and consisted of continuous measurements at two sites as well as spatially- and seasonally distributed discrete seawater samples. The array of CO2 observing activities included high-resolution CO2 partial pressure (pCO(2)) and pHT (total scale) measurements made at the Hakai Institute's Quadra Island Field Station (QIFS) and from an Environment Canada weather buoy, respectively, as well as discrete seawater measurements of pCO(2) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) obtained during a number of field campaigns. A relationship between NSS alkalinity and salinity was developed with the discrete datasets and used with the continuous measurements to highly resolve the marine CO2 system. Collectively, these datasets provided insights into the seasonality in this historically under-sampled region and detail the area's tendency for aragonite saturation state (Omega(arag)) to be at non-corrosive levels (i.e., Omega(arag) > 1) only in the upper water column during spring and summer months. This depth zone and time period of reprieve can be periodically interrupted by strong northwesterly winds that drive shortlived (similar to 1 week) episodes of high-pCO(2), low-pH, and low-Omega(arag) conditions throughout the region. Interannual variability in summertime conditions was evident and linked to reduced northwesterly winds and increased stratification. Anthropogenic CO2 in NSS surface water was estimated using data from 2017 combined with the global atmospheric CO2 forcing for the period 1765 to 2100, and projected a mean value of 49 +/- 5 mmol kg(-1) for 2018. The estimated trend in anthropogenic CO2 was further used to assess the evolution of Omega(arag) and pH(T) levels in NSS surface water, and revealed that wintertime corrosive Omega(arag) conditions were likely absent pre-1900. The percent of the year spent above Omega(arag) = 1 has dropped from similar to 98% in 1900 to similar to 60% by 2018. Over the coming decades, winter pH(T) and spring and summer Omega(arag) are projected to decline to conditions below identified biological thresholds for select vulnerable species.