WHEN SEAFOOD FEEDS THE SPIRIT YET POISONS THE BODY: DEVELOPING HEALTH INDICATORS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN A NATIVE AMERICAN FISHING COMMUNITY
WHEN SEAFOOD FEEDS THE SPIRIT YET POISONS THE BODY: DEVELOPING HEALTH INDICATORS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN A NATIVE AMERICAN FISHING COMMUNITY
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当海鲜滋养精神却毒害身体时：制定美洲原住民渔业社区风险评估健康指标
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发表时间：
2008
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通讯作者：
Jamie Donatuto
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作者：
Jamie Donatuto
当前美国政府的风险评估和管理法规和政策基于这样一种立场，即将风险视为对可预测的生理发病率或死亡率结果的客观衡量，否则与社会或文化信仰和价值观无关。虽然人类健康风险评估旨在确定特定危害造成不利影响的可能性，但传统的风险评估框架没有考虑美洲原住民对健康和因此风险的定义。这项研究是与华盛顿州的海岸Salish Swinomish印第安人部落社区进行的，在那里发现了他们的水生自然资源受到污染。通过对传统的高使用量海鲜消费者、专家和来自Swinomish印第安人部落社区的长老进行了两系列采访，并避免使用我在这里所称的“常规”鱼类消费调查，这项研究使受访者能够提供一套更复杂的叙述细节和信息，从而更准确地描绘出社区内海鲜消费习惯背后的原因。采访中更突出的一点是，海鲜代表着一种象征性的、具有深远意义的食物来源，它与一种多维的“猪仔”健康概念有关。然而，随着时间的推移，获取、收获和消费方面发生了巨大的变化，并一直持续到今天。还设计了一种健康评估工具，使用简单的描述性分级排名，以阐明与受污染的海鲜有关的非生理性健康风险和影响。研究结果表明，社区凝聚力、食品安全、礼仪使用和知识传播都在猪的健康观念方面发挥着主要作用，当与
Current US government risk assessment and management regulations and policies are based on a position that views risk as an objective measure of a predictable physiological morbidity or mortality outcome that is not otherwise connected to social or cultural beliefs and values. Whereas human health risk assessments are meant to determine the probability of adverse impacts from particular hazards, the conventional risk assessment framework fails to consider Native American definitions of health and so risk. This study was conducted with the Coast Salish Swinomish Indian Tribal Community of Washington State, where contamination of their aquatic natural resources has been found. By conducting two series of interviews with traditional high-use seafood consumers, experts and elders from the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community, and by averting use of what I describe herein as ‘conventional’ fish consumption survey, the study allowed interviewees to provide a more complex narrative set of details and information that bestowed a much more accurate picture of the reasoning behind seafood consumption habits within the community. Among the more salient points that emerged from the interviews was that seafood represents a symbolic, deeply meaningful food source that is linked to a multi-dimensional ‘Swinomish’ concept of health. Yet drastic changes in access, harvest and consumption have occurred over time, and continue to this day. A health evaluation tool was also devised using simple descriptive scaled rankings to elucidate non-physiological health risks and impacts in relation to contaminated seafood. Findings demonstrate that community cohesion, food security, ceremonial use and knowledge transmission all play primary roles as concerns the Swinomish notions of health, and that these indicators are regarded as equally important when juxtaposed to