Metabolite profiling of fungi and yeast: from phenotype to metabolome by MS and informatics
Metabolite profiling of fungi and yeast: from phenotype to metabolome by MS and informatics
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DOI：
10.1093/jxb/eri068
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
影响因子：
6.9
通讯作者：
Nielsen, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Smedsgaard, J;Nielsen, J
丝状真菌和酵母菌属酵母菌属，青霉属，曲霉属和镰刀菌属是众所周知的，因为它们作为病原体对我们的生活产生影响，通过降解或毒素污染参与食品腐败，并且还因为它们在生物技术中的广泛应用，用于生产饮料，化学品，药物和酶。这些真核微生物的基因组范围从酵母中的约6000个基因（S。酿酒酵母）中的超过10 000个基因的丝状真菌（曲霉属）。酵母菌和丝状真菌的主要代谢有很大一部分是相同的，因此，通过比较酵母菌和丝状真菌的代谢产物谱和代谢组学，可以了解到对丝状真菌中较少研究的中心代谢和调控的许多了解。丝状真菌还具有非常活跃和多样的次级代谢，与酵母相比，真菌中存在的许多额外基因可能参与其中。虽然给定生物体的“蓝图”由基因组表示，但其行为表现为表型，即生长特征、细胞分化、对环境的反应、次级代谢产物和酶的产生。因此，（次级）代谢产物真菌化学多样性的概况是重要的功能基因组学和在寻找新的化合物，可作为生物技术产品。然而，真菌化学多样性对于真菌的鉴定和分类同样有效，因此是真菌分类学中的有力工具。本文讨论了代谢物谱分析在酵母和丝状真菌的鉴定和分类、功能分析或发现中的应用，并将高效的分析方法、高效的数据处理技术和物种的核心概念以及智能筛选结合起来。一种非常有效的方法是与自动数据处理集成的直接注入质谱法（diMS），但完整的代谢图需要几种不同分析技术的组合。
Filamentous fungi and yeast from the genera Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium are well known for their impact on our life as pathogens, involved in food spoilage by degradation or toxin contamination, and also for their wide use in biotechnology for the production of beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and enzymes. The genomes of these eukaryotic micro-organisms range from about 6000 genes in yeasts (S. cerevisiae) to more than 10 000 genes in filamentous fungi (Aspergillus sp.). Yeast and filamentous fungi are expected to share much of their primary metabolism; therefore much understanding of the central metabolism and regulation in less-studied filamentous fungi can be learned from comparative metabolite profiling and metabolomics of yeast and filamentous fungi. Filamentous fungi also have a very active and diverse secondary metabolism in which many of the additional genes present in fungi, compared with yeast, are likely to be involved. Although the 'blueprint' of a given organism is represented by the genome, its behaviour is expressed as its phenotype, i.e. growth characteristics, cell differentiation, response to the environment, the production of secondary metabolites and enzymes. Therefore the profile of (secondary) metabolites-fungal chemodiversity-is important for functional genomics and in the search for new compounds that may serve as biotechnology products. Fungal chemodiversity is, however, equally efficient for identification and classification of fungi, and hence a powerful tool in fungal taxonomy. In this paper, the use of metabolite profiling is discussed for the identification and classification of yeasts and filamentous fungi, functional analysis or discovery by integration of high performance analytical methodology, efficient data handling techniques and core concepts of species, and intelligent screening. One very efficient approach is direct infusion Mass Spectrometry (diMS) integrated with automated data handling, but a full metabolic picture requires the combination of several different analytical techniques.